**Table 1.**

#### **2.2 Experimental setup**

The setup for the study consists of a single cylinder, four strokes naturally aspirated water cooled, and direct injection (DI) diesel engine connected to eddy current type dynamometer for loading (see **Figure 1**). The detailed specifications of the engine and uncertainty of some measured parameter are given in **Table 2**. Windows-based Engine Performance Analysis Software Package "Engine soft" was taken for online performance evaluation. Emission characteristics like CO, CO2, unburned HC, smoke and NOx by the combustion of biodiesel was measured by the online five-gas analyzer and smoke meter. The experiments were conducted under varying load condition at the rated speed of 1500 rpm in IC engine laboratory at NIT-Jalandhar, Punjab, India (144001). The engine was started with standard diesel fuel and warmed up. The warm-up period ends when cooling water temperature is stabilized. Then brake specific fuel consumption, brake power, brake thermal efficiency, and exhaust gas temperature were measured.

**Figure 1.** *Schematics of the test set-up.*

