**4.1 TLR agonists**

TLR agonists have offered to help boosting the immune responses to vaccination as well as potential for immunotherapy of cancer, allergy, and infections. Three of which have received approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are listed here:

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) can act as an agonist of TLR2/TLR4 and be used for treatment of superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) can cause activation of TLR2/TLR4 recommended for the prophylaxis of human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated cervical cancer.

Imiquimod functions as a TLR7 agonist with implications for the treatment of actinic keratosis, basal cell carcinoma, and genital and perianal warts [20].

## **4.2 TLR antagonists**

Antagonists targeting TLR-mediated signaling have displayed anti-inflammatory features that may be effective against invading pathogens and autoimmune diseases.

**13**

**Author details**

Amene Saghazadeh1,2 and Nima Rezaei1,3,4\*

Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran

University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran

\*Address all correspondence to: rezaei\_nima@yahoo.com

provided the original work is properly cited.

1 Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran

2 Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal

3 Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical

4 Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran

*Introductory Chapter: Toll-Like Receptors DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88493* *Introductory Chapter: Toll-Like Receptors DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88493*

*Toll-like Receptors*

**3.8 Malignancies**

**3.9 Other diseases**

**4.1 TLR agonists**

cervical cancer.

**4.2 TLR antagonists**

diseases.

listed here:

**4. Clinical implications**

esis which have been discussed in [16].

cal diseases has been reviewed in detail elsewhere [17–19].

As for other sections, TLRs present positive and negative effects in tumorigen-

The possible role of TLRs in periodontal health, lung diseases, and dermatologi-

TLR agonists have offered to help boosting the immune responses to vaccination as well as potential for immunotherapy of cancer, allergy, and infections. Three of which have received approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) can act as an agonist of TLR2/TLR4 and be used for treatment of superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) can cause activation of TLR2/TLR4 recommended for the prophylaxis of human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated

Imiquimod functions as a TLR7 agonist with implications for the treatment of actinic keratosis, basal cell carcinoma, and genital and perianal warts [20].

Antagonists targeting TLR-mediated signaling have displayed anti-inflammatory features that may be effective against invading pathogens and autoimmune

**12**
