**3. Result and discussion**

 Data collected from the experiments were analysed using Microsoft Excel and Origin-Pro 9.1 software. All the data and results are presented in the form of tables and figures. The findings include the simulation results and validation of the LF-EMF exposure, water sample characteristics, *E. coli* concentration in water quality, removal mechanisms, and potential of the LF-EMF column to remove *E. coli*. The results from the comparative analysis of *E. coli* removal before and after LF-EMF exposure with selected column diameters, and magnetic flux densities of 2 to 10 mT are presented in this chapter. In the present study, the optimisation of *E. coli* removal contact time for LF-EMF exposure was performed by using response surface methodology (RSM) to evaluate the optimal magnetic flux design, geometry, and parameters during the designing process.
