2.1.3 BET surface area by N2 physisorption

Micromeritics ASAP 2020 equipment was used to obtain the specific surface area and pore diameter distribution. Results were calculated from nitrogen adsorption isotherms. Before measuring, the samples were outgassed at 350°C for 2 h.

#### 2.1.4 Raman spectroscopy

Spectra were obtained by a PerkinElmer Spectrum GX NIR-FT Raman spectrometer equipped with a microscope and CCD detector. Spectra were taken at room temperature and using a 5145°A line and argon ion laser (model spectra physics 2020) excited with of 50 mV of energy [50].

#### 2.1.5 Scanning electron microscopy

A scanning electron microscope JEOL model JSM-6010LA was used to identify in detail the surface morphology of the photocatalysts. The analyzer X-Ray Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (XEDS) was used for elemental mapping in materials.
