Section 2 T Lymphocytes

*Cells of the Immune System*

10.1111/1753-0407.12892

DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00787-12

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CD4+, Th17

**1. Introduction**

**Chapter 3**

**Abstract**

and Disease

Immune-Mediated Inflammation:

Diversity and Plasticity in Health

*Rodolfo Alberto Kölliker Frers, Matilde Otero-Losada,* 

*María Inés Herrera, Sabrina Porta, Vanesa Cosentino,* 

*Eduardo Kerzberg, Lucas Udovin and Francisco Capani*

potential implication in human inflammatory diseases.

**Keywords:** CD4+ subsets, inflammation, health, disease, plasticity, diversity,

and regulatory functions, promoting or attenuating inflammation.

The CD4+ T cells play a key role in triggering various immunological effector

Such a diverse repertoire includes the early activation during immune synapses in the ganglion, activation of cytotoxic T cells, full activation of macrophages effector functions, maturation of B cells into plasma cells and memory B cells, antibody

The CD4+ T helper (Th) cells have a critical role in organizing the adaptive immune response. The emerging cells of the differentiation after the immune synapse produce helper T cell subpopulations that activate, suppress, or regulate the immune response upon interaction with varying immune cells. There are two main Th cell functional categories: the "effector cells" and the "regulatory T cells." Classic T helper lymphocytes can also be distinguished by their lineage according to the developmental microenvironment, the expression of cell adhesion-homing receptors, the profile of cytokines they are exposed to, and the involved transcription factors. Traditionally, the CD4+ and CD8+ phenotypes have been considered as helper and cytotoxic/suppressor T lymphocytes, respectively. Currently, the distinction is little rigorous. The immune response is exceedingly complex beyond the classic Th1 and Th2 effector cells' involvement, and other populations of helper T lymphocytes like the Th17, Tfh, Th22, and Th9 lymphocytes have been phenotypically characterized. These lymphocytes also participate in the pathogenesis of several immune-mediated inflammatory disorders. Here, we revisit and discuss the essential aspects of the state of the art regarding phenotypic diversity and plasticity of TCD4 cells in the T lymphocyte repertoire frame and their

Human T CD4 Helper Lymphocyte
