Contents



Preface

Neutrophils are the most abundant white blood cells in circulation. Neutrophils are a key component of innate immunity and an important regulator of adoptive immunity. Therefore, neutrophils are very important in health. The first chapter of this book deals with development of neutrophils and their role in hematopoietic microenvironment regulation. The second chapter discusses the function of neutrophils as the first line of defense and their functional activity that contributes to the high susceptibility to bacterial infections in patients with diabetes mellitus. Type 1 diabetes is associated with a reduction of circulating neutrophils. The thymus, the main organ for T lymphopoiesis, requires a permanent influx of progenitors from bone marrow or the fetal liver. Chapter 3 analyzes CD4+ T helper (TH) cells, which play a central role in the adaptive immune system by controlling a variety of cellular responses, defending the host against pathogens and tumor development. Their cytokine secretion suppresses or stimulates immune responses and leads to antibody production by B cells, immunoglobulin class switch, and macrophage activation. The various TH cell subsets can be differentiated from naive CD4+ T cells. Chapter 4 reviews tissue-resident memory T-cells, a lymphocyte lineage that occupies tissues without recirculating. They provide a first response against infections at body surfaces, where they accelerate pathogen clearance. Chapter 5 focuses on the microRNA (miRNA) from the secretome, which induces tolerogeneic or proinflammatory responses. This response is in a murine model of autoimmune type 1 diabetes. This secretome miRNA approach may prove useful in treating both autoimmune diseases and cancer. Chapter 6 discusses the immunomodulation of the macrophage to better understand the effects of the physiological microenvironment factors on macrophage polarisation. Chapter 7 deals with the role of the transcription factor KLF4 (Krüppel-like factor 4) in regulating plasticity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). MDSCs are bone marrow-derived cells with the ability to suppress the host immune responses, especially T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. Chapters 8-11 review eosinophils and eosinophilic disorders. Immune reconstitution after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is reviewed in Chapter 12. The slow T-cell reconstitution is regarded as being primarily responsible for deleterious infections with latent viruses or fungi, occurrence of graft-versus-host disease, and relapse. The role of sorption detoxification in therapy of acute ionizing radiation sickness is summarized in Chapter 13. Carbon adsorption therapy for the treatment of myelosuppression caused by acute ionizing radiation sickness and cytostatics is discussed.

**Ota Fuchs**

Iran

Department of Genomics, Prague, Czech Republic

**Seyyed Shamsadin Athari**

Zanjan University of Medical Sciences,

Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion,
