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*Bismuth - Fundamentals and Optoelectronic Applications*

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**15**

**Chapter 2**

**Abstract**

Amplifier (BDFA).

**1. Introduction**

with a 20 dB/km loss [2].

band, as listed in **Table 1**.

(BACs), bismuth doped fiber amplifier (BDFA)

Development of Bismuth-Doped

This chapter will provide background information in the development of BDFs and their applications in optical communication systems. Herein, the main focus is briefly described previous studies on BDFs that have attracted much interest over the last two decades. This necessary information and concepts are very much relevant to understanding this book, mainly due to the doping of Bi in the studied bismuth and erbium-doped silicate fibers (BEDFs). The remaining chapter is consisting of the following sections: Sec.2: General introduction about optical fibers. Sec. 3 discusses the general spectral characteristics of BDFs. Sec.4: Including the active centers (namely the bismuth (Bi) active centers (BACs)) responsible for the spectral properties in Bi-doped fibers. Sec.4 Discusses the Bismuth Doped Fiber

**Keywords:** bismuth-doped fibers (BDFs), optical communication, Bi active centers

A previous work by C.Kato et al. stated that the loss of 20 dB/km in a dielectric waveguide could be minimized if it uses pure dielectric material [1]. This encourages many researchers to discover methods to minimize failure in optical silica fibers. Since its proper mechanical and optical properties, silica was used as the material for the improvement of optical fibers. A low-loss was established in 1970 by merging

Besides, with ultra-pure precursors with impurities of ppb-order (parts per billion), the growth of low-loss (0.2 dB/km) single-mode fibers about 1550 μm is demonstrated to be possible [3]. **Figure 1** displays the attenuating spectrum of conventional single-mode fiber. The wavelength range of 1260–1625 nm is split into several subwavelength bands. A specific ITU-T wavelength range is allocated to each

After the introduction of low-loss fiber, erbium (Er)-doped (EDFA) technology was introduced in 1987 as an advance to revolutionize optical fiber communication. It allowed transatlantic fiber communication [5]. The progression of fiber development to advance low-loss fiber in conjunction with EDFA technology led to the use of the low-loss range for optical fiber communications from 1530 to 1625 nm (C L band). Throughout the years, several techniques including dense wavelength

Fibers (BDFs) in Optical

Communication Systems

*Rifat M. Dakhil Alsingery and Ahmed Mudhafer*

## **Chapter 2**
