**Table**

*Summary of multiferroic properties of BiFeO3 [phase (monoclinic (M), (R), tetragonal (T), (O), (C), hexagonal (H)), (diameter (D) and length (*l*)), ferroelectric spontaneous polarization (Ps), remanent polarization (Pr), saturation magnetization (M), antiferromagnetic (AF), magnetocapacitance (MC),magnetoelectric coefficient (αME)].*

 *and*

**BiFeO3**

**120**

BiFeO3 BiFeO3 BiFeO3 BiFeO3 BiFeO3 Bi0.9Ba0.1Fe0.9Mn0.1

Bi0.9Eu0.1FeO3

Bi0.9Sm0.1FeO3

BiFe0.925Sc0.05Ti0.025

Bi0.9Sm0.1Fe0.95Co0.05

BiFe0.92Mn0.08

Bi0.9

Y0.1FeO3 BiFe0.9Co0.09Mn0.01

0.33Ba0.7Ca0.3TiO3-

0.67BiFeO3

(Bi1/2Ba1/4Sr1/4)(Fe1/2Ti1/2)O3

BaTiO3–BiFeO3–LaFeO3

5% (VDF-TrFE)

0.75(Bi0.99 0.25BaTiO3

0.9BiFeO3-0.1BaTiO3

Sol–gel

R

D = 186 nm

0.15/0.1

 AF

—

2.74

 [77]

La0.01)FeO3-

Conventional

 solid state

BiFeO3–NaNbO3

 in P

Thermo-mechanical

Sol–gel

Spin coating

α & β phases of

PVDF

R/C

Core-shell

35/27

0.6

—

3.4

 [76]

R O

D = 1-2 μm D = 100-150 nm

D = 5-20 nm

12/0.6

2.5/0.14

8/2

0.03

—

2400

 [75]

 0.67

—

354

 [74]

0.05

—

8.7

 [73]

O3

Hydrothermal

Conventional

 sintering method

 T/R

 route

Spin coating deposition

R R

—

D = 12 μm

D = 90-105 nm

—

 —

15/9.1

0.33

 2.96

—

[72]

10.88

—

7.4

 [71]

2.87

—

 —

[70]

O3

O3

Sol–gel/pulsed

 laser deposition

Solution-gelation

(thin film)

 technique

O3

O3

Mechano-synthesis

Sol–gel Sol–gel Sonochemical

Pulsed laser deposition

Chemical-solution

Hydrothermal

Chemical combustion

PVA sol-gel

 synthesis

 deposition

M R R R R R Distorted R Distorted R Distorted R

R R

D = 23.96 nm

300 nm thick film

D = 20-25 nm

D = 28.5 nm

D = 1 μm D = 27 nm

—

D = 75 nm

20 nm square nanosheets

140 nm thick film

70 nm thick film

60/55 125/73 4.2/3 0.75/0.35

2.9/2.13

1.1/0.82

10.5/5.1

15.1/7.2 2.63/1.03

22.91/16.1

23.56/9.5

——

 —

[69]

 35

—

142

 [68]

 0.34

 0.05

AF

17

—

[66]

[67]

0.7

 11.9

—

[65]

 AF

—

74

 [64]

*Bismuth - Fundamentals and Optoelectronic Applications*

 0.624

 0.6

 3.37

 [63]

 0.73

 0.68

—

[11]

3.1

**—**

 **—**

[62]

——

 —

[61]

150

—

3000

 [35]

**composition**

**Synthesis method**

 **Phase structure**

**Nano-structure**

 **Ps/Pr (μC cm2)**

 **M**

**MC**

**αME**

**Ref.**

**(emu g1**

**)**

**(%)**

**mVcm1 Oe1** representing increase in both grain and grain boundary resistance (Rg and Rgb) with applied magnetic field are shown. A maximum 20% increase in grain capacitance (Cg) with applied magnetic field of 2 kG to represent an intrinsic ME effect. The bonding between Fe and Ti atoms at interface results into ME interaction between BFO and BTO at both interfaces. This interaction to change grains/boundaries resistances with the application of magnetic field induced magnetoimpedance/MC effect which is explained with Maxwell-Wagner model consisting of two leaky capacitors connected in series.

The ME coefficient, αME was measured in trilayer BaTiO3/BiFeO3/BaTiO3 film by dynamic method (**Figure 9(f)**) and the detailed measurement set-up is given [36]. The αME was calculated using equation, αME = δV/δH.t, where δV is the measured output voltage, δH is applied ac magnetic field, and *t* is the film thickness. The maximum <sup>α</sup>ME of 515 mV cm<sup>1</sup> Oe<sup>1</sup> is observed for B-2 film. By increasing the thickness of BFO layer, αME found to be reduced to 457 mV cm<sup>1</sup> Oe<sup>1</sup> for B-4, 400 mV cm<sup>1</sup> Oe<sup>1</sup> for B-6, and to 318 mV cm<sup>1</sup> Oe<sup>1</sup> for B-8. The enhancement in ME coupling for trilayer films may the effect of bonding between Fe and Ti atoms at both interfaces via oxygen atom. The reduction in oxygen vacancies with increasing thickness of BFO layer results into decreasing αME value.

## **3.8 Comparison of multiferroic properties of BiFeO3**

In **Table 3**, we have reported the list of multiferroic properties such as synthesis method, phase structure, nanostructures, ferroelectric behavior, magnetization, magnetocapacitance and ME coefficient of BiFeO3. It is observed that the single phase BiFeO3 has multiferroic behavior enhanced due to different doping from transition and rare earth ions. For the composites of BiFeO3, there are moderate improvements in ME coupling. However, for multilayer BiFeO3 with BaTiO3 or ferrites has remarkable value of ME coupling. The Magnetocapacitance effect study on BiFeO3 is hardly reported. Therefore it is summarized that the different multilayers perovskites structures of BiFeO3 may give much advancement to the multiferroic behaviors.

## **4. Conclusion**

Multiferroic BiFeO3 becomes a suitable material for spintronic application of data storage. Wet chemical methods, hydrothermal, Polymer-directed solvothermal, sol–gel template process, sonochemical, anodized alumina template, sol–gel based electrospinning and microwave synthesis are the best synthesis routes to control the shape and size of BiFeO3 nanostructures. These nanostructural shape and size of BiFeO3 has much impact to control the magnetism and leakage current of BiFeO3. In addition to change dopant level and composites with other materials (such as ferrites and other perovskites like BaTiO3), the BiFeO3 thin films especially multilayers gives remarkable results of ferroelectric polarization and ME voltage.

**Author details**

Kuldeep Chand Verma1,2

kcv0309@gmail.com

**123**

provided the original work is properly cited.

1 CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh 160030, India

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

2 Department of Physics, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India

\*Address all correspondence to: dkuldeep.physics@gmail.com;

*Synthesis and Characterization of Multiferroic BiFeO3 for Data Storage*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94049*

## **Acknowledgements**

The author K.C. Verma thankfully acknowledges the financial support by UGC of Dr. DS Kothari Post Doctorate Fellowship [No. F4-2/2006(BSR)/PH/16-17/0066] and CSIR-HRDG for SRA (Pool Scientist) fellowship Grant No. B-12287 [SRA (Pool No): 9048-A].

*Synthesis and Characterization of Multiferroic BiFeO3 for Data Storage DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94049*

## **Author details**

representing increase in both grain and grain boundary resistance (Rg and Rgb) with applied magnetic field are shown. A maximum 20% increase in grain capacitance (Cg) with applied magnetic field of 2 kG to represent an intrinsic ME effect. The bonding between Fe and Ti atoms at interface results into ME interaction between BFO and BTO at both interfaces. This interaction to change grains/boundaries resistances with the application of magnetic field induced magnetoimpedance/MC effect which is explained with Maxwell-Wagner model consisting of two leaky

The ME coefficient, αME was measured in trilayer BaTiO3/BiFeO3/BaTiO3 film by dynamic method (**Figure 9(f)**) and the detailed measurement set-up is given [36]. The αME was calculated using equation, αME = δV/δH.t, where δV is the measured output voltage, δH is applied ac magnetic field, and *t* is the film thickness. The maximum <sup>α</sup>ME of 515 mV cm<sup>1</sup> Oe<sup>1</sup> is observed for B-2 film. By increasing the thickness of BFO layer, αME found to be reduced to 457 mV cm<sup>1</sup> Oe<sup>1</sup> for B-4, 400 mV cm<sup>1</sup> Oe<sup>1</sup> for B-6, and to 318 mV cm<sup>1</sup> Oe<sup>1</sup> for B-8. The enhancement in ME coupling for trilayer films may the effect of bonding between Fe and Ti atoms at both interfaces via oxygen atom. The reduction in oxygen vacancies with increasing

In **Table 3**, we have reported the list of multiferroic properties such as synthesis method, phase structure, nanostructures, ferroelectric behavior, magnetization, magnetocapacitance and ME coefficient of BiFeO3. It is observed that the single phase BiFeO3 has multiferroic behavior enhanced due to different doping from transition and rare earth ions. For the composites of BiFeO3, there are moderate improvements in ME coupling. However, for multilayer BiFeO3 with BaTiO3 or ferrites has remarkable value of ME coupling. The Magnetocapacitance effect study on BiFeO3 is hardly reported. Therefore it is summarized that the different multilayers perovskites structures of BiFeO3 may give much advancement to the

Multiferroic BiFeO3 becomes a suitable material for spintronic application of

solvothermal, sol–gel template process, sonochemical, anodized alumina template, sol–gel based electrospinning and microwave synthesis are the best synthesis routes to control the shape and size of BiFeO3 nanostructures. These nanostructural shape and size of BiFeO3 has much impact to control the magnetism and leakage current of BiFeO3. In addition to change dopant level and composites with other materials (such as ferrites and other perovskites like BaTiO3), the BiFeO3 thin films especially multilayers gives remarkable results of ferroelectric polarization and ME voltage.

The author K.C. Verma thankfully acknowledges the financial support by UGC of Dr. DS Kothari Post Doctorate Fellowship [No. F4-2/2006(BSR)/PH/16-17/0066] and CSIR-HRDG for SRA (Pool Scientist) fellowship Grant No. B-12287 [SRA (Pool

data storage. Wet chemical methods, hydrothermal, Polymer-directed

capacitors connected in series.

multiferroic behaviors.

**Acknowledgements**

No): 9048-A].

**122**

**4. Conclusion**

thickness of BFO layer results into decreasing αME value.

*Bismuth - Fundamentals and Optoelectronic Applications*

**3.8 Comparison of multiferroic properties of BiFeO3**

Kuldeep Chand Verma1,2

1 CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh 160030, India

2 Department of Physics, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India

\*Address all correspondence to: dkuldeep.physics@gmail.com; kcv0309@gmail.com

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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*Synthesis and Characterization of Multiferroic BiFeO3 for Data Storage DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94049*

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*Bismuth - Fundamentals and Optoelectronic Applications*

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multiferroics. Nature Rev.: Mater. 2016;

2016; **6**, 57727-57738

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(1-13)

**40**, 6-15

Trassin M. The evolution of

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Ananthakrishnan R, Mandal P, Khastgir

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electrical, and multiferroic

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*Bismuth - Fundamentals and Optoelectronic Applications*

Fabricated BiFeO3-(BaSr)TiO3 Solid Solutions. *Mater. Res. Expr.* 2018; **5**,

H, Yang W, Li Y, Compositional dependence of ferromagnetic and magnetoelectric effect properties in BaTiO3–BiFeO3–LaFeO3 solid solutions.

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[74] Qi X, Zhang M, Zhang X, Gu Y, Zhu

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S, Kotnala RK, Magnetoelectric coupling-induced anisotropy in multiferroic nanocomposite (1 - x) BiFeO3–xBaTiO3. J Nanopart Res 2013;

[78] Remya KP, Rajalakshmi R,

056301

5378-5397

**15**, 2004

2968-2976

9816

[67] Dutta DP, Mandal BP, Mukadam MD, Yusuf SM, Tyagi AK, Improved magnetic and ferroelectric properties of Sc and Ti codoped multiferroic nano BiFeO3 prepared via sonochemical synthesis. Dalton Trans. 2014; **43**,

[68] Puli VS, Pradhan DK, Gollapudi S, Coondoo I, Panwar N, Adireddy S,

Magnetoelectric coupling effect in

polycrystalline BiFeO3 thin films. J. Mag. Magn. Mater. 2014; **369**, 9-13

[69] Yang S, Ma G, Xu L, Deng C, Wang X, Improved ferroelectric properties and band-gap tuning in BiFeO3 films via substitution of Mn. RSC Adv. 2019; **9**,

[70] Jena AK, Satapathy S, Mohanty J, Magnetic properties and oxygen migration induced resistive switching effect in Y substituted multiferroic bismuth ferrite. Phys. Chem. Chem.

[71] Marzouki A, Loyau V, Gemeiner P, Bessais L, Dkhil B, Megrich A, Increase of magnetic and magnetoelectric properties in Co/Mn co-doped BiFeO3 multiferroic. J. Mag. Magn. Mater. 2020;

[72] Li CX, Yang B, Zhang ST, Zhang R, Sun Y, Zhang HJ, Cao WW, Enhanced Multiferroic and Magnetocapacitive Properties of (1–x) Ba0.7Ca0.3TiO3– xBiFeO3 Ceramics. J. Am. Ceram. Soc.

[73] Behera C, Choudhary RNP, Das PR, Structural, Electrical and Multiferroic Characteristics of Thermo-mechanically

Phys. 2019; **21**, 15854-15860

Chrisey DB, Katiyar RS,

transition metal modified

magnetodielectric and enhanced multiferroic properties of Sm doped bismuth ferrite nanoparticles. J. Mater.

Chem. C 2014; **2**, 5885-5891

7838-7846

29238-29245

**498**, 166137

**128**

2014; **97 [3]**, 816-825

Yusuf SM, Pal M, Giant

[82] Jain A, Wang YG, Wang N, Li Y, Wang FL, Existence of heterogeneous phases with significant improvement in electrical and magnetoelectric properties of BaFe12O19/BiFeO3 multiferroic ceramic composites. Cer. Int. 2019; **45**, 22889-22898

[83] Alam M, Talukdar S, Mandal K, Multiferroic properties of bilayered BiFeO3/CoFe2O4 nano-hollowspheres. Mater. Lett. 2018; **210**, 80-83

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**131**

**Chapter 8**

Applications

*K. Manjunatha*

**Abstract**

estimated.

**1. Introduction**

Investigation of Structural,

Nanoparticles for Photonic

*V. Jagadeesha Angadi, H.R. Lakshmiprasanna and* 

Microstructural, Dielectrical

and Magnetic Properties of Bi3+

Doped Manganese Spinel Ferrite

The structural, microstructural, and magnetic properties of Mn1-xBixFe2O4 (where x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2) nanoparticles prepared by solution combustion method were investigated. Rietveld-refined X-ray diffraction patterns confirm the single-phase formation with space group Fd3m having spinel cubic structure. The porous nature of the samples was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Composition values of the theoretical stoichiometry and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) composition values are well matched for all samples. The dielectric parameters such as real part of dielectric constant, imaginary part of dielectric constant, and dielectric loss tangent decrease with the increase in frequency. The AC conductivity increases with increase in the Bi3+ concentration. The real part of complex impedance decreases with the increase in frequency. Cole-Cole plots reveal that one semicircle was obtained for each of the samples. The real and imaginary parts of electric modulus vary with frequency. The magnetic hysteresis curves of all samples reveal the soft magnetic material nature. We observed S esteems began uniquely from the higher superparamagnetic, we would have watched the monotonic decrease in S with increase in Bi3+ concentration. Furthermore, the magnetic parameters were

**Keywords:** Maxwell-Wagner interfacial type of polarization, Cole-Cole plots, soft

Nowadays, manganese (Mn) ferrite nanoparticles have been used for great potential applications such as absorbing electromagnetic waves, storage media,

magnetic material, solution combustion method

## **Chapter 8**
