*Linked Open Data - Applications,Trends and Future Developments*

contents into a searchable format by the Semantic Web. This chapter discusses open data standards and the making of machine-understandable data.

Each object in the Semantic Web is a part of a huge distributed database on the Internet which can be processed by computers, and results can be presented in a

*TULIP: A Five-Star Table and List - From Machine-Readable to Machine-Understandable…*

In summary, Semantic Web is a technology that is based on the current technology and the Internet. It relies on a set of protocols at different levels that works together to create the distributed data structure on the Web in the form of relationships that linked together across the system through the Internet. An example of the benefits of the Semantic Web is to search for information about proteins that affect the treatment of Alzheimer's disease as currently being studied around the world. If searching using a regular search engine, it may reach about 223,000 documents around the Web. Many of these documents may not be relevant. However, if searching through the Semantic Web, the result is the list of 32 proteins from the Semantic Web of researchers sharing and exchanging information on the disease.<sup>1</sup>

As with other services on the Internet, most of which is the integration of standard or commonly used components. In the case of Semantic Web, it consists of various components such as Unicode, Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), Extensible Markup Language (XML), and other standards. Some frameworks have been developed, improved, or modified from the existing ones, such as the Resource Description Framework (RDF), RDF Schema (RDFS), Web Ontology Language (OWL), and SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language (SPARQL). In this chap-

Resource Description Framework (RDF) is the main structure for storing the smallest components of facts in the knowledge base linked within the Semantic Web. Basically, an RDF is a "sentence" that has three parts: a subject, a verb (or predicate), and an object. Both subject and object will be the identity, i.e., the name of the resource in the form of a URI (in the case of the latter, it can be literal or constant). A predicate (also in the form of URI) describes the relationship between them. These sentences are called RDF triples. The triples are linked together as a graph structure called the RDF graph, which is sometimes referred to as the

It is said that Semantic Web, though simple, is still not being used extensively [5]. Linked Data is a set of guidelines for disclosing, sharing, and connecting pieces of information or knowledge on the Semantic Web using URI and RDF [6]. The Linked Open Data (LOD) project by Chris Bizer and Richard Cyganiak aims to expand the web with shared data by distributing open datasets in the RDF format on Semantic Web and creating the RDF links between these datasets [7]. A class of

⋆One-star level has the only requirement to make the information public in any

⋆⋆Two-star level has a provision that the disclosed information must be in a format that is not unstructured data, whether it is a proprietary format or

open data sharing level is defined as the number of stars (⋆) as follows:<sup>2</sup>

<sup>1</sup> https://www.ted.com/talks/tim\_berners\_lee\_the\_next\_web/transcript

variety of formats as required by users.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91406*

**2.3 Elements of the semantic web**

ter, we mainly focus on RDF and SPARQL.

semantic graph or knowledge graph.

data format.

not.

**21**

<sup>2</sup> https://5stardata.info/en/

**2.4 What is linked data and five-star open data**

Many forms of conversion have already been proposed by many research (we will review them in Section 3). However, the conversion of tables and lists is still problematic. We propose a novel method to convert tables and lists to five-star open data with the data model called TULIP. The following sections discuss TULIP vocabulary as well as brief examples of its application.
