**Abstract**

Rational fabrication of futuristic smart materials like polymer-derived nanocomposites/matrixes is ever desirable due to innate worth in advancement and growth of S&T. Certain nanocomposites are designed from metal-polymeric blends through altering varied parameters like shear stress, shape, size, rate, concentration and processing time, which are best used as fillers. Reinforced fabricated polymer nanocomposites possess exclusive physicochemical characteristics like non-Newtonian/ constant viscosity-free stress, time-dependent mechanics, facile shear-skeletal revisions and viscoplastic course controls. Metal-derived nanocomposites/matrixes showed substantial inherent rheology being vulnerable for designing viable applicability in photovoltaics, catalysis, optics, drug delivery, smart material and energy storage. Bottom-up technique is used for self- and directed-assembly of polymer-based building blocks owing to robust fabricated and efficiently manipulated/targeted reinforced 1D, 2D or 3D nanostructures. This chapter reviews some contemporary advances in reconfiguration of rational designing of certain polymeric nanostructures/composites with current and futuristic developments. This overview highlights significance of assured reinforced matrixes in S&T besides disclosed fundamental principles involved in material designing/engineering of multifaceted nanomaterials. Assorted advanced developments are made to avail futuristic prospective of biopolymers, viz. chitin, chitosan, cellulose and lignin in order to offer unequivocally myriad applications in modernization of science and technology in new millennium.

**Keywords:** biopolymer, composite, chitosan, cellulose, nanocarbon, matrix, dendrimer
