**1. Introduction**

The Latin term *nannus* meaning dwarfness is in fact adopted for the prefix *nano* [1]. Nanotechnology deals/controls the matter at both atomic and molecular developments, creating and modifying structural components in all possible dimension levels (1D, 2D, 3D etc.). Nanoparticles/nanomaterials showed extraordinary features due to inbuilt molecular/atom-by-atom accuracy that is deficient in conventional bulk counterparts/materials [2]. Nanotechnology manipulates structures/skeletons of matter at atom/molecular scale. "Nanotechnology" was coined by Norio Taniguchi in 1974, and in 1959, Richard Feynman gave the famous quote "There is Plenty of Room/space at the Bottom," which is trusted in assorted making of nano-scale machines. IBM Zurich researchers in 1980 invented tunneling microscope for material analysis at atomic/molecular dimension [1, 2]. Nanocomposite matrix holds particles in one or more filler layers/sheets with superior surface:volume ratio at a magnitude of few nm units. Nano-dimensional alterations are found to reduce material size and shape without changing its native features and besides fairly reward novel features including alter elasticity, robust mechanical power, tunable heat and electric conductance or insulation, and impart particular reactivity that are absent in corresponding micro-/macro-scale dimensions. The interfacial-phase interactions that exist at nano-dimension scales are superior due to augmented intrinsic characteristics of the material, as multiphase combinations of constituents in fabricating nano-composite matrixes impart certain innovative qualities that are quite superior to residual participating constituents.

Assured nanostructures/skeletal matrixes derived via reconfiguration/reinforcement establish a myriad of functional importance in advancement of today's science and technology [2, 3]. Nanotechnology executes superior technological reconfigurations through strategic maneuvering of matter at an atom, molecule or supramolecular dimension at a magnitude less than 100 nm [1–3]. Reinforcement of atomic/ molecular frameworks and material manipulation are performed at nanometer (10<sup>−</sup><sup>9</sup> m) scale via nanotechnology, which exactly manufactures micro-, meso- and macromaterials under its vast domain. In general, nanostructure matrixes exist in the form of amorphous, crystalline and polycrystalline states that embed variable size/shape including metallic, ceramics and polymers, besides offering single or multi-phase chemical compositions and designed orientations [2]. Nowadays, all such reinforced and reconfigured nanomatrixes own innate distinguishing scientific edicts in scientific and technological modernizations. The defensive features of meso-/micromaterial get enhanced at the nanoscale due to alteration of limiting features via augmenting physicochemical, biological, mechanical, electrical and electronic parameters. Reinforced/reconfigured nanomaterials own specially intended characteristics, viz. huge surface area, no/less surface defects and high surface/mass ratio that are best exploited in nearly all S&T achievements [4, 5].

Today, nanotechnology is expanded with a novel horizon, yet R&D in materials science is in a much infantile phase, though nanoscience capably upgraded standards of every domain including energy production/storage, information technology, pharmaceutics, metamaterial, nanomaterial, food, biotechnology and wastewater/water, biomedical, environment and instrument/device [1–4, 6]. Advance re-configurated designing yields diverse matrixes that are used in myriad applications like coatings, sunscreens, cosmetics, textiles, paints, cutting boards, socks, diodes, pacemaker, scaffold for hip/bone/ear joints and electrodes for H2O splitting. Amid nanomaterials are nanocarbon, nanosilica and identified nanometals like copper, silver and gold, besides awarded nanometal oxides of iron, cerium, nickel, aluminum, titanium, zinc etc. along with a unique entity called quantum dots [3, 4, 6, 7]. All such fabricated composites/hybrids/matrixes being ubiquitous are tailored for endowing best vigor, stiffness and design practices, which have been trusted throughout the modernization of S&T.

### **2. Reinforced and designed composites/matrixes**

Rationally designed/reinforced composites own specific strength and modulus over analogous materials like metallic alloys, steel and other metallic compositions [4, 6, 7]. Certain nonfiber matrixes are reinforced owing to varied highly anisotropic structural features that differ from isotropic polymers, metals and ceramics.

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*Reinforce Fabricated Nano-Composite Matrixes for Modernization of S & T in New Millennium*

All such rationally fabricated reconfigured matrixes display extraordinary features like environment sturdiness, damage tolerance, non-erosive, sturdy thermo-oxidation, non-flammable and attenuated electric or heat conductance besides offering especial utility in proactive surface designing and possessing integrated networking. Such reinforced matrixes/composites offer many applications like water purifications, supercapacitors and green energy/power creation and anti-corrosive,

The twenty-first century seeks special/smart materials with properties subjective to the remarkable varying conditions of their functioning. Such smart materials are reconfigured via advanced nanoscience innovations due for stunning and unique designing opportunities for advancement of science. Reinforced composites/matrixes have eventually modernized S&T via a myriad of applications including optoelectronics, biosensors, photodetectors, photocells, nanomaterials and plasmonics [1–4, 6–9]. Nanocomposite/matrix offers environmental-friendly prospective for all sectors including chemistry-, physics-, bioscience-, engineering and technology-based industries and businesses. Nanomaterials have explored, inspired and motivated interdisciplinary R&D and accordingly trusted scientific growth. Nanosize designing improved physicochemical properties of materials through exceptionally determined functionalities and paved new trends besides modern developments. Today, R&D comprehensive findings conferred assorted innovative nanocomposites of assorted materials including chitosan, cellulose, metals, polymers, clays, carbon and graphene owing to numerous applications [10]. Nano-technologically developed material matrixes behold systematic captivity at nano-scale due to smartly carried advanced reconfigurations or reinforcements in their skeletons. Reinforced polymeric matrix own rigid dispersed phase owing constituted particles with nanodimensions exists with long range flexible-rough linkages. Nanopolymer networks that are amorphous/semicrystalline own reasonably stacked and intercalated inter-phase morphology. Entropic morphological alterations

Reconfigured composite contains incessant fortified pattern owing to reinforced physicochemical features that yield through two/more discrete constituting phases of mainly fibers, whiskers and metamaterials, polymers, metals and ceramics [1–4, 6–10]. In 1960, Richards Feynman's research in field of quantum computations really fascinated the entire scientific community toward nanotechnology; besides aiding to develop several material-based blends/composites/matrixes in order to furnish extensive applicability at that time, they still continued to explore various advanced nanostructures to be used in modernization of today's S&T. Sophisticated unique characters get inculcated in nanocomposites/matrixes imparting high modulus, specific strength, tailored performance, boosted resistivity in fatigue and corrosion besides embryonic reconfigured processing. Nanotechnology reinforcements can let mass diminution that is missing in usual counterstructures and contemporary materials, thus creating good substitutes. Supplementary complex functioning can be significantly enhanced by means of reinforcements that are unattainable in normal materials. Innovative structural strengthening can be attained via anisotropic or isotropic alterations at all altered phases in the constituted/reconfigured frameworks. These reinforced composites /matrixes offer special infrastructure developments in material designing and engineering like bridges, pipelines, trans-

portation materials, automobiles, cermets, aircrafts and ships [3, 4, 6, 7].

Assorted material components easily enter polymeric/biomolecule skeleton in synergistic pattern yielding nanobiocomposites and imparting advance structural

**3. Nanocarbon intercalated polymeric matrix**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91305*

antistatic, antiballistic and electroconductive devices.

are viable due to interactive component configuration [3].

#### *Reinforce Fabricated Nano-Composite Matrixes for Modernization of S & T in New Millennium DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91305*

All such rationally fabricated reconfigured matrixes display extraordinary features like environment sturdiness, damage tolerance, non-erosive, sturdy thermo-oxidation, non-flammable and attenuated electric or heat conductance besides offering especial utility in proactive surface designing and possessing integrated networking. Such reinforced matrixes/composites offer many applications like water purifications, supercapacitors and green energy/power creation and anti-corrosive, antistatic, antiballistic and electroconductive devices.

The twenty-first century seeks special/smart materials with properties subjective to the remarkable varying conditions of their functioning. Such smart materials are reconfigured via advanced nanoscience innovations due for stunning and unique designing opportunities for advancement of science. Reinforced composites/matrixes have eventually modernized S&T via a myriad of applications including optoelectronics, biosensors, photodetectors, photocells, nanomaterials and plasmonics [1–4, 6–9]. Nanocomposite/matrix offers environmental-friendly prospective for all sectors including chemistry-, physics-, bioscience-, engineering and technology-based industries and businesses. Nanomaterials have explored, inspired and motivated interdisciplinary R&D and accordingly trusted scientific growth. Nanosize designing improved physicochemical properties of materials through exceptionally determined functionalities and paved new trends besides modern developments. Today, R&D comprehensive findings conferred assorted innovative nanocomposites of assorted materials including chitosan, cellulose, metals, polymers, clays, carbon and graphene owing to numerous applications [10]. Nano-technologically developed material matrixes behold systematic captivity at nano-scale due to smartly carried advanced reconfigurations or reinforcements in their skeletons. Reinforced polymeric matrix own rigid dispersed phase owing constituted particles with nanodimensions exists with long range flexible-rough linkages. Nanopolymer networks that are amorphous/semicrystalline own reasonably stacked and intercalated inter-phase morphology. Entropic morphological alterations are viable due to interactive component configuration [3].

Reconfigured composite contains incessant fortified pattern owing to reinforced physicochemical features that yield through two/more discrete constituting phases of mainly fibers, whiskers and metamaterials, polymers, metals and ceramics [1–4, 6–10]. In 1960, Richards Feynman's research in field of quantum computations really fascinated the entire scientific community toward nanotechnology; besides aiding to develop several material-based blends/composites/matrixes in order to furnish extensive applicability at that time, they still continued to explore various advanced nanostructures to be used in modernization of today's S&T. Sophisticated unique characters get inculcated in nanocomposites/matrixes imparting high modulus, specific strength, tailored performance, boosted resistivity in fatigue and corrosion besides embryonic reconfigured processing. Nanotechnology reinforcements can let mass diminution that is missing in usual counterstructures and contemporary materials, thus creating good substitutes. Supplementary complex functioning can be significantly enhanced by means of reinforcements that are unattainable in normal materials. Innovative structural strengthening can be attained via anisotropic or isotropic alterations at all altered phases in the constituted/reconfigured frameworks. These reinforced composites /matrixes offer special infrastructure developments in material designing and engineering like bridges, pipelines, transportation materials, automobiles, cermets, aircrafts and ships [3, 4, 6, 7].
