**3. Nanocarbon intercalated polymeric matrix**

Assorted material components easily enter polymeric/biomolecule skeleton in synergistic pattern yielding nanobiocomposites and imparting advance structural

*Composite and Nanocomposite Materials - From Knowledge to Industrial Applications*

qualities that are quite superior to residual participating constituents.

Assured nanostructures/skeletal matrixes derived via reconfiguration/reinforcement establish a myriad of functional importance in advancement of today's science and technology [2, 3]. Nanotechnology executes superior technological reconfigurations through strategic maneuvering of matter at an atom, molecule or supramolecular dimension at a magnitude less than 100 nm [1–3]. Reinforcement of atomic/ molecular frameworks and material manipulation are performed at nanometer

 m) scale via nanotechnology, which exactly manufactures micro-, meso- and macromaterials under its vast domain. In general, nanostructure matrixes exist in the form of amorphous, crystalline and polycrystalline states that embed variable size/shape including metallic, ceramics and polymers, besides offering single or multi-phase chemical compositions and designed orientations [2]. Nowadays, all such reinforced and reconfigured nanomatrixes own innate distinguishing scientific edicts in scientific and technological modernizations. The defensive features of meso-/micromaterial get enhanced at the nanoscale due to alteration of limiting features via augmenting physicochemical, biological, mechanical, electrical and electronic parameters. Reinforced/reconfigured nanomaterials own specially intended characteristics, viz. huge surface area, no/less surface defects and high surface/mass ratio that are best exploited in nearly all S&T achievements [4, 5]. Today, nanotechnology is expanded with a novel horizon, yet R&D in materials science is in a much infantile phase, though nanoscience capably upgraded standards of every domain including energy production/storage, information technology, pharmaceutics, metamaterial, nanomaterial, food, biotechnology and wastewater/water, biomedical, environment and instrument/device [1–4, 6]. Advance re-configurated designing yields diverse matrixes that are used in myriad applications like coatings, sunscreens, cosmetics, textiles, paints, cutting boards, socks, diodes, pacemaker, scaffold for hip/bone/ear joints and electrodes for H2O splitting. Amid nanomaterials are nanocarbon, nanosilica and identified nanometals like copper, silver and gold, besides awarded nanometal oxides of iron, cerium, nickel, aluminum, titanium, zinc etc. along with a unique entity called quantum dots [3, 4, 6, 7]. All such fabricated composites/hybrids/matrixes being ubiquitous are tailored for endowing best vigor, stiffness and design practices, which have been

quote "There is Plenty of Room/space at the Bottom," which is trusted in assorted making of nano-scale machines. IBM Zurich researchers in 1980 invented tunneling microscope for material analysis at atomic/molecular dimension [1, 2]. Nanocomposite matrix holds particles in one or more filler layers/sheets with superior surface:volume ratio at a magnitude of few nm units. Nano-dimensional alterations are found to reduce material size and shape without changing its native features and besides fairly reward novel features including alter elasticity, robust mechanical power, tunable heat and electric conductance or insulation, and impart particular reactivity that are absent in corresponding micro-/macro-scale dimensions. The interfacial-phase interactions that exist at nano-dimension scales are superior due to augmented intrinsic characteristics of the material, as multiphase combinations of constituents in fabricating nano-composite matrixes impart certain innovative

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trusted throughout the modernization of S&T.

**2. Reinforced and designed composites/matrixes**

Rationally designed/reinforced composites own specific strength and modulus over analogous materials like metallic alloys, steel and other metallic compositions [4, 6, 7]. Certain nonfiber matrixes are reinforced owing to varied highly anisotropic structural features that differ from isotropic polymers, metals and ceramics.

(10<sup>−</sup><sup>9</sup>

features as an alternative to classic synthetic/natural polymers. Consequently, various inorganic materials including metal particles, carbon nanotubes, ceramics and clays are blended in biopolymers resulting in a diverse nanocomposite/ hybrid like polymer-inorganic, metal-polymer, metal-ceramic and inorganicorganic phases [10]. All these rationally designed/reconfigured nanocomposites/ hybrids/matrixes endow many applications, viz. biosensor, marker, biochip, optic, electric, electronic, photoconductors, biocompatible tissue engineered scaffolds/templates and drug release/filter. Monomeric inorganic/organic hosts/ frameworks can be reinforced with many natural/bio- and synthetic polymers resulting in intercalated polymer networking composites [11]. Such matrixes are obtained via assorted techniques, viz. microwave, colloid interaction, suspended polymerization, solvent evaporation, electro-spinning, spray-drying, porous glass membrane spraying and emulsification. So, superior techniques are used for the development of desired characteristics like not expensive, competent, control/ tunable shapes/sizes, porosity, density and surface area in reconfigured matrixes as devoid in counterparts.

Rationally reinforced polymeric nanocomposites hold host-guest intercalated morphological permutations and combinations of inorganic/organic frameworks like nanocarbon, metal, clay, montmorillonite, ceramic, poly-vinyl alcohol/chloride and zeolite [12]. Template or chosen material that holds native stupendous physicochemical characters is too vulnerable in the derived matrix. Reinforced composites/matrixes offer distinctive significance in electric, electronic gadgets, tissue engineering, packaging, coatings, biomedicals, nanodevice feedstock, photosensitivity, catalysts and antimicrobials and disinfectants besides physicochemical analysis. Various technologically reinforced 1D, 2D and 3D composites/ matrixes own boosted intrinsic features and corresponding applicability domain as shown in **Figure 1**.

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**4.1 Fibrous composites**

**4.2 Carbon-reinforced composites**

*Reinforce Fabricated Nano-Composite Matrixes for Modernization of S & T in New Millennium*

Today, smart materials have manifested assorted benefits and it is hard to envisage the modernized advancements without their contributions. Advanced materials endow a myriad of applicability in industries like chemical, mines, metallurgy, oil-gas extraction, refinery, power, and modern technology, viz. aerospace, IT, communication construction, transportation and genetic engineering. Smartly designed/ reconfigured matrixes have to face few technically notable challenging domains being adept at power turbines and well robust aerojet engines etc. Certain smartly designed super-alloys are found to fulfill numerous such methodological challenges and demands that own practically efficient utilities in an industry besides R&D. Accordingly emerges prototype thrust in R&D of material and prevalent advanced nanotechnology assisted rational fabrications of smartly functional matrixes thus continued Richards Feynman initiated timeline advancement of nano-materials. Today, paradigm nano-technological developments have stimulated rational reconfiguration of materials and ultimately pave a path for designing classic, competing and preferred matrixes or composites for strengthening S&T in the new millennium. This twenty-first century, invoke technological advancement in smartly designing and rational reconfigurations of nano-material matrixes to be developed via amalgamating incredible features of constituents in resultant composites (as meso/ micro-porous materials like alloys, blends, ceramics, natural and synthetic polymers found to miss such designed features. More smart materials like 1D, 2D or 3D have to be architectured via reinforcement of two/more phases in vigor and firmly intercalated material framework as achieved in material engineering for sturdy, reinforced and robust output [3, 4, 6–12]. Augmented and perceived performance is practicable in such composites by means of particulate segregation due to tailoring of raw-skeletal elements. Advanced and sophisticated techniques aid in designing and reconfiguring assorted materials including natural and artificial origin. These reconfigured composites/matrixes are beneficial due to lesser density, superior directional mechanics, precisely enhanced tensile strength than steel/metals, elevated fatigue survival, adaptable

tailoring/designing, facile machining and cost-effective synthesis. Directional arrangements of constituting matrix mutually control mechanical strength and functional properties of resultant composites. Parallel longitudinal atomic/molecular arrangements are obtained via solitary pathway and fully random configurations that are generally allied in the following sense: (a) Owing to irregular associations (b) Easy arbitrary/partial adjustments (c) Very much strengthening resultant composites due to small diameter, less surface flaws and facile suppleness over bulk materials (as seen in glass, aramid/kevlar and carbon fiber). Assorted 1D, 2D or 3D reconfigured mate-

Certain fibers owing to greater length than diameter and (*l***/***d*) ratio imparting valuable shear pressure reassign reinforcement in arbitrary direction in their skeletons resulting in the most persuade fibrous composites as shown in **Figure 2**.

Carbon-reinforced composites have high reinforcement in their polymer matrix due to their innate tensile modulus and elevated strength at eminent temperatures, which are unaffected by water or other solvents, acids and bases. Carbon-reinforced composites display a variety of physicochemical and mechanical characters as

rial matrixes/composites are discussed in the following sections:

**4. New millennium advanced material matrixes in S&T**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91305*

**Figure 1.** *Technologically reinforced various composite matrixes [1, 2].*

*Reinforce Fabricated Nano-Composite Matrixes for Modernization of S & T in New Millennium DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91305*
