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**16**

**19**

**Chapter 2**

**Abstract**

insomnia.

**1. Introduction**

Clinical Use of Melatonin in the

Sleep disorders are a group of conditions that affect the circadian rhythm of sleep-wake, leading to social and professional maladaptation. At the moment, there is a wide range of medications aimed at the treatment of sleep disorders, but the results from their use are not always satisfactory. Benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and antihistamines may cause dependence or withdrawal effects. Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is an endogenous hormone produced by the pineal gland that affects intraday, seasonal rhythm, and the sleep-wake cycle. Studies of the effects of melatonin have demonstrated its ability to synchronize circadian rhythms, reduce the latency of slow sleep, increase the duration of sleep, and improve its subjective quality. This review highlights the current therapeutic possibilities of using melatonin in various sleep disorders, taking into account the mechanisms of its action. Also, the prospects of using melatonin due to its chronobiological effect in other sleep disorders, such as parasomnia, sleep-dependent respiratory disorders, and hypersomnia, are emphasized. At the moment, melatonin is one of the methods for correcting intraday rhythms and some types of

Sleep is fundamental to the mental and physical health of a person. Lack of sleep is a significant risk factor for obesity, diabetes, diseases of the cardiovascular system, as well as anxiety and depressive disorders. Sleep disorders have a significant financial burden on the healthcare system and complicate the treatment of major somatic diseases. Sleep disorders are a category of diseases that include hypersomnia, insomnia (accompanied by difficulty falling asleep, maintaining sleep, and early awakening), circadian rhythm disturbance, parasomnia, and sleepdependent breathing disorders. The consequence of some sleep disorders is a violation of falling asleep and maintaining sleep, drowsiness, and, as a consequence, a decrease in the quality of life. Some sleep disorders can also lead to severe impaired ability to perform every day and professional tasks related to concentration,

The development of pharmacological treatment methods has provoked an increase in the frequency of sleep disorders in the last decade, as a result of undesirable effects of this therapy. The most common disease is insomnia, which according to the classification criteria for mental disorders *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of* 

*Mental Disorders IV (DSM-IV)* in the general population is found in 4–6%.

Treatment of Sleep Disorders

*Alexander Zakharov and Elena Khivintseva*

**Keywords:** sleep, melatonin, sleep disorders, sleep-wake cycle

switching attention, and spatial perception [1].
