2.3 LWC including foam glass aggregates

Similar research presented on waste materials showcased that waste materials can be reused as construction materials, in 2016 [4]. Foam glass and high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) are materials they collected through the processing of waste materials. The glass foam is found from a glass cutlet, and the polystyrene is collected from butadiene modified rubber. They investigated the compressive and flexural strength, water absorption, and bulk density of the proposed concrete mixtures. LWC with foamed glass aggregates was affected by the amount of aggregate. Larger amounts of aggregate cause a decrease in compressive and bending strength and an increase in absorption. The addition of HIPS improved the compressive strength; however, it did not have a significant influence on water absorption. In 2017, Kurpinska and Ferenc studied on the physical properties of lightweight cement composites consisting of granulated ash aggregate (GAA) and granulated expanded glass aggregate (GEGA) [5]. This study showcased the significant impact of grain type and size on the physical properties of lightweight concrete. After the mechanical properties of 15 different mixtures were calculated and measured, they utilized a finite element modeling program to study the possibility of applying this type of LWC in structural elements, extenders, and insulation material.

### 2.4 LWC including expanded glass aggregates

In 2017, the material properties and effects of crushed and expanded waste glass aggregates on LWC properties were evaluated [6]. In this study, an image-based approach is used to extract the characterization of the materials. Pore measurement and pore structures of each material type were evaluated using a microscope, 3D, and X-ray micro-computed tomography. Thermal conductivity for the material was measured. There results showed that crushed and expanded waste glass aggregates are supported as alternatives for lightweight aggregates. LWC with a density less than 2000 kg/m<sup>3</sup> , including crushed waste aggregate, have shown to have a compressive strength over 38 MPa. This was considered as effective lightweight concrete, and it satisfied the desired mechanical properties.

2000 kg/m<sup>3</sup>

Compressive Strength of Concrete

was 39.2 N/mm<sup>2</sup>

analyzed in the research.

43.4 N/mm<sup>2</sup>

material.

than 2000 kg/m<sup>3</sup>

52

a potential alternative to conventional LWC.

density for the NWC was 2637 kg/m<sup>3</sup>

2.3 LWC including foam glass aggregates

2.4 LWC including expanded glass aggregates

2.2 LWC including expanded clay aggregates

. Improvements in mechanical properties can be seen when the LWA

is replaced with RLCA. The study concluded that recycled lightweight aggregate is

In 2015, other researchers studied the properties of LWC consisting of cinder and light expanded clay aggregates (LECA) [3]. By replacing coarse aggregate with blended lightweight aggregates such as cinder and LECA, there was a reduction in weight and, respectively, a decrease in compressive strength, but they were able to use cinder and LECA as a replacement for normal coarse aggregate to reduce the cost, while the compressive strengths were close to the strengths of NWC. The average compressive strength for samples that included the abovementioned LWA

, while the average compressive strength for NWC was

Similar research presented on waste materials showcased that waste materials can be reused as construction materials, in 2016 [4]. Foam glass and high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) are materials they collected through the processing of waste materials. The glass foam is found from a glass cutlet, and the polystyrene is collected from butadiene modified rubber. They investigated the compressive and flexural strength, water absorption, and bulk density of the proposed concrete mixtures. LWC with foamed glass aggregates was affected by the amount of aggregate. Larger amounts of aggregate cause a decrease in compressive and bending strength and an increase in absorption. The addition of HIPS improved the compressive strength; however, it did not have a significant influence on water absorp-

the average compressive and tensile strength of the hardened concrete were

tion. In 2017, Kurpinska and Ferenc studied on the physical properties of

lightweight cement composites consisting of granulated ash aggregate (GAA) and granulated expanded glass aggregate (GEGA) [5]. This study showcased the significant impact of grain type and size on the physical properties of lightweight concrete. After the mechanical properties of 15 different mixtures were calculated and measured, they utilized a finite element modeling program to study the possibility of applying this type of LWC in structural elements, extenders, and insulation

In 2017, the material properties and effects of crushed and expanded waste glass aggregates on LWC properties were evaluated [6]. In this study, an image-based approach is used to extract the characterization of the materials. Pore measurement and pore structures of each material type were evaluated using a microscope, 3D, and X-ray micro-computed tomography. Thermal conductivity for the material was measured. There results showed that crushed and expanded waste glass aggregates are supported as alternatives for lightweight aggregates. LWC with a density less

, including crushed waste aggregate, have shown to have a

compressive strength over 38 MPa. This was considered as effective lightweight

concrete, and it satisfied the desired mechanical properties.

. The density of the LWC varied from 1800 to 1950 kg/mm3 and the

. The slump from the fresh concrete mix and
