**2.1 General form**

*Truss and Frames - Recent Advances and New Perspectives*

studies while giving brief description on previous ones.

be free to constructing better designs [13, 14].

• Building weight-saving and complete designs.

○ Determining feasible design range.

*Optimized unit by using topology optimization approach (Dassault) [15].*

• Decrease needed time to present and test product.

○ Accurate checking for different loads and conditions.

○ Considering design and manufacturing constraints [15].

**2. Topology optimization**

(**Figure 1**). The benefits are:

perspective of:

intensely examined review studies in literature, but some of them are on specific application area (vibration problems [6], continuum structures [7]) or are on a specific methodology (evolutionary algorithms [8, 9], level-set methods [10]), or recent studies are not included [11, 12]. This study mostly aims to present recent

During the twentieth century, architects and engineers have used innovative and novel methods to develop optimum forms of structures and sculptures. While the techniques employed by these innovators generated efficient and aesthetic forms, they shared a common limitation: reaching optimum structure. Although the purpose of applying topology optimization has never been a standard procedure, developments in finding optimum structure form let the researchers and designers

Topology optimization offers conceptual design for lighter and stiffer structures.

It helps to reach to efficient and aesthetic designs within a small time interval

• By the help of FEM software, you are able to check your design from the

By the time, TO has shown its power and efficiency in the design of structures by the increase in advances on computational speed and power. Changes in computer hardware and software technology have also changed the approach to topology formation of structures. Nowadays, you could use a drawing software in forming different topologies as if it is a standard task, and so, you are able to alter

**72**

**Figure 1.**

A topology optimization problem can be written in the general form of an optimization problem as [3, 17]:

$$\begin{aligned} \text{as } [3, 17]: \\\\mathbf{z}\_{\rho}F &= F(\mathfrak{u}(\rho), \mathfrak{\rho}) = \left[\mathfrak{\omega}f(\mathfrak{u}(\rho), \mathfrak{\rho})dV \right. \\\\quad \text{to } G\_0(\rho) = \left[\mathfrak{\omega}\,\rho dV - V\_0 \right. \\&\text{if } G\_j(\mathfrak{\omega}(\rho), \mathfrak{\rho}) \preceq 0 \text{ with } j = 1, ..., m \end{aligned} \tag{1}$$

The problem statement includes the following:

