**10. References**

Atwater, H. A. (2007), The promise of plasmonics, *Scientific American*, pp. 56-63.


**Part 3** 

**Photonics Applications** 


**Part 3** 

**Photonics Applications** 

212 Advanced Photonic Sciences

Okamoto, K.; Niki, I.; Shvartser, A.; Narukawa, Y.; Mukai, T. & Scherer, A. (2004), Surface-

Okamoto, K.; Niki, I.; A. Scherer, Narukawa, Y.; Mukai, T. & Kawakami, Y. (2005), Surface

Okamoto, K.; Scherer, A. & Kawakami, Y. (2008), Surface plasmon enhanced light emission from semiconductor materials, *Phys. Stat. Sol. C*, vol. 5, no. 9. pp. 2822-2824. Okamoto, K. & Kawakami, Y. (2009), High-Efficiency InGaN/GaN Light Emitters Based on

Pillai, S.; Catchpole, K. R.; Trupke, T. & Green, M. A. (2006), Surface plasmon enhanced

Raether, H. (1988), *Surface Plasmons on Smooth and Rough Surfaces and on Gratings*, Springer-

Stuart, H. R. & Hall, D. G. (1996), Absorption Enhancement in Silicon-on-Insulator Waveguides using Metal Island Films, *Appl. Phys. Lett.*, 69, pp. 2327-2329. Yeh, D.-M.; Huang, C.-F.; Chen, C.-Y.; Lu, Y.-C. & Yang, C. C. (2007), Surface plasmon

silicon solar cells, *J. Appl. Phys.*, 101, 09310.

vol. 3, pp. 601-605.

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plasmon-enhanced light emitters based on InGaN quantum wells, *Nature Mater.*,

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Nanophotonics and Plasmonics, *IEEE J. Select. Top. Quantum Electron.* 15, pp. 1190-

coupling effect in an InGaN/GaN single-quantum-welllight-emitting diode, *Appl.* 

**9** 

**Lightwave Refraction and Its Consequences:** 

**Scatterings by Electric and Magnetic Dipoles** 

In optics, it is well-known that when a visible light beam, e.g., traveling from air (or more strictly, vacuum) into a piece of smooth flat glass at an angle relative to the normal of the air-glass interface, some proportion of the light will be bounced off at the reflection angle equal to the incident angle. However, when the light beam is with its oscillating electric field parallel to the plane-of-incidence (POI, i.e., the plane constituted by both propagation vectors of the incident and reflected light waves, as well as the interface normal vector) (called the p-wave), there is a particular incident angle at which no bounce-off would occur.

the light beam is with its electric field vector perpendicular to the plane-of-incidence (called the s-wave), no such angle exists (Hecht, 2002). In fact, this is only true for uniform, isotropic, and nonmagnetic (or equivalently, with its relative magnetic permeability (

equal to unity at the optic frequency of interest) materials such as the above glass piece. Indeed, it is known that for magnetic materials, there may instead exist Brewster angles for

Traditionally, whichever the case, the Brewster angle is a solid property of the material in question with respect to a given light frequency of interest. Namely, there is a one-to-one correspondence between the Brewster angle and the incident light frequency. However, it is one of the purposes of this chapter to show that the Brewster angle of the material in hand can in principle be modified into a new controllable variable, even dynamically, if a postprocess microscopic method called "dipole engineering" is applicable on that material. Among its predictions, the traditionally fixed Brewster angle of a specific material now not only becomes dependent on the density and orientation of incorporated permanent dipoles, but also on the incident light intensity (more precisely, the incident wave electric field strength). Further, two conjugated incident light paths would give rise to different refracted

the s-waves, while none for the p-waves (as will be demonstrated in Section 2).

This particular angle is known as the Brewster angle (

wave powers (Liao et al., 2006).

**1. Introduction** 

**A Viewpoint of Microscopic Quantum** 

Chungpin Liao, Hsien-Ming Chang, Chien-Jung Liao,

*Advanced Research and Business Laboratory (ARBL)* 

Jun-Lang Chen and Po-Yu Tsai *National Formosa University (NFU)* 

*<sup>B</sup>* ) (Hecht, 2002). In contrast, when

*Chakra Energetics, Ltd.* 

*Taiwan* 

*<sup>r</sup>* )
