**3. Conclusion**

Processes of slurry anaerobic stabilization represent an effective method in terms of energy, since the substantial portion of energy present in easily decomposable organic constituents of the substrate is acquired in the form of biogas. Non-decomposed organic matter is well stabilized from hygienic point of view. Anaerobic stabilization increases the proportion of biogenic element (especially nitrogen) converting stabilized excrements into quality fertilizer. Anaerobically stabilized pig slurry stored in lagoon significantly influence the quality and quantity of grasses, depending on the dose of slurry used and on weather conditions. From the nutritional point of view, the sludge (sediment) from ground lagoon is

The Sanitation of Animal Waste Using Anaerobic Stabilization 67

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also important for plants (Valocká et al., 2000). The high amount of nitrogen is apparently the result of the decomposition process going on in lagoon.

Hazard of contamination of field fertilized with the lagoon effluent increases when raw slurry is used for fertilization of soil or pastures. When slurry is processed in a wastewater treatment plant, parasitic eggs concentrated in solid fraction. It is therefore necessary to pay a proper attention to slurry processing.

The anaerobic stabilization and the use of dust rejects from lime production, at more affordable price than quality lime dust, were demonstrated to be very suitable for the sanitation of organic wastes from animal production and dog excrements. This way of treatment is thus not associated with a risk of dissemination, survival and potential spread of developmental stages of endoparasites to the environment via stabilized organic wastes

#### **4. Acknowledgements**

We would like to thank CARMEUS Ltd. for providing lime and people who allowed us to gather data needed for elaboration of this chapter. This study was financially supported by the project VEGA No. 2/0147/10.

#### **5. References**


also important for plants (Valocká et al., 2000). The high amount of nitrogen is apparently

Hazard of contamination of field fertilized with the lagoon effluent increases when raw slurry is used for fertilization of soil or pastures. When slurry is processed in a wastewater treatment plant, parasitic eggs concentrated in solid fraction. It is therefore necessary to pay

The anaerobic stabilization and the use of dust rejects from lime production, at more affordable price than quality lime dust, were demonstrated to be very suitable for the sanitation of organic wastes from animal production and dog excrements. This way of treatment is thus not associated with a risk of dissemination, survival and potential spread of developmental stages of endoparasites to the environment via stabilized organic wastes

We would like to thank CARMEUS Ltd. for providing lime and people who allowed us to gather data needed for elaboration of this chapter. This study was financially supported by

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of *Toxocara* spp. in suburban and rural ecosystems in the Slovak Republic. In

the result of the decomposition process going on in lagoon.

a proper attention to slurry processing.

**4. Acknowledgements** 

**5. References** 

the project VEGA No. 2/0147/10.


**4** 

*Russia* 

**The Waste Oil Resulting from** 

Anatoly M. Zyakun, Vladimir V. Kochetkov

and Alexander M. Boronin

**Crude Oil Microbial Biodegradation in Soil** 

*Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms RAS* 

Environmental pollution by oil and oil products, which occurs at petroleum extraction wells, as a result of spills from oil tankers, pipe line breaks, disposal of refinery waste, leaks at gasoline stations, etc., have caused tremendous damage to ecological systems especially to many plant species (Adam and Duncan 2002; 2003; Palmroth et al. 2005), and a wide array of animals (Khan and Ryan 1991; Tevvors and Sair 2010). According to available data (Wang et al. 2011), the total amount of all major spills in the world was about 37 billion barrels of crude oil pollute soil and water ecosystems. It exceeds the total amount of crude oil consumption for the entire world annually (30 billion barrels in 2006) (Mundi 2010). Consequently, the problem of environmental pollution with anthropogenic hydrocarbons and their influence on natural ecosystems calls for comprehensive investigation. Crude oil consists of a number of rather complicated components, which are toxic and can exert side effects on environmental systems. Oil pool contains aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, for example, crude oil consists of alkanes 15 - 60 %, naphthenes 30-60 %, aromatics 3-30% and asphaltenes 6 % by weight ( Speight 1990 ). The extent of oil spills can have a legacy for decades, evens centuries in future (Wang et al. 2011). Toxic effects of oil and oil products on the soil environment include increasing hydrophobicity of soils and disruption of water availability to vegetation, and direct toxicity to plants and microorganisms. At the sub-toxic level, negative effects may include the absorption of lowmolecular oil hydrocarbons into plant tissues, and the inhibition or activation of microbial soil processes. The soil, although is an important sink for a wide range of substances, pollutant load exceeding certain threshold has the potential of impacting negatively on the capacity of the soil to perform its ecosystem functions with repercussions on sustainability issues such as plant growth and some non-hydrocarbon utilizing microorganisms. For instance, the aromatics in crude oil produce particular adverse effect to the local soil microbiota. It was found that phenolic and quinonic naphthalene derivatives inhibited the growth of some microbial cells (Sikkema et al. 1995). As follows from the work (Wongsa et al. 2004), the rates of utilization of separate oil fractions may be significantly differed even in case of one and the same strain of hydrocarbon-oxidizing microorganisms. As a result, the influence of microorganisms on crude oil in soil may be accompanied by substantial changes in the initial composition of hydrocarbons, while the rest of hydrocarbons in soil may have absolutely different properties compared to the initial characteristics. The term 'waste oil'

**1. Introduction** 

Valocká, B., Dubinský, P., Papajová, I., Sabová, M. (2000). Effect of anaerobically digested pig slurry from lagoon on soil and plant nematode communities in experimental conditions. Helminthologia, 37, p. 53-57.
