**7. References**

44 Management of Organic Waste

Fig. 13. Changes in (a) protease activity, and (b) cellulase activity of grape marc after being processed by the epigeic earthworm species *Eisenia andrei* during the active phase of vermicomposting. Values are means ± SE. Control is the grape marc incubated without

Detritivorous earthworms interact intensively with microorganisms during vermicomposting, thus accelerating the stabilization of organic matter and greatly modifying its physical and biochemical properties. Digestion of the ingested material is the first step in earthworm-microorganism interactions. Passage of organic material through the

earthworms.

**5. Conclusions** 


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**3** 

**The Sanitation of Animal Waste** 

Animal production pose potential hazards of environmental contamination with pathogenic microorganisms. These are particularly related to a subsequent storage processing and utilization of animal organic wastes (manure, fertilizer, wastewater, sludges etc.). A major source of pathogenic microorganisms in the environment are excrements from clinically and

Handling, storage, treatment and use of different forms of animals excrements entails two principle problems: epizootological or epidemiological and hygienical. Solid excrements contain high numbers of common intestinal microflora (*E. coli*, faecal streptococci, lactobacilli etc.), bacteria that are pathogenic also for man (salmonellae, mycobacteria, listeriae etc.), protozoa (*Isospora* spp., *Balantidium coli*) and eggs or larvae of enteronematodes (*Ascaris suum, Oesophagostomum* sp., *Trichuris suis* etc.) (Lauková et al.,

The parasitic propagative stages, mainly endoparasitic protozoa and helminths develop mostly outside their host´s organism. *A. suum* eggs are hygienically the most problematic ones. They are amongst the helminth eggs most resistant to environmental factors and may survive in the nature for many years, therefore, they tend to accumulate in the environment (soil, water) and serve as an infectious entity for both man and animals (Papajová and Juriš, 2009). The cell wall of *A suum* egg is enveloped with an outer layer formed by acid polysaccharides and proteins, central layer consisting of proteins (25%) and lipids (75%, particularly alpha glycosides). Thus this resistant cell wall protects eggs against effects of

Regarding the spread of helminthoses, domestic animals (dogs, cats) are also of great importance because they live in a close contact with man. Infection and way of transmission of the disease depends on the way of breeding and on the breeding environment where the animal occurs. An important factor of the risk of infection transmission is also possibility of animal to move outside its housing (yard, move in nature), or the use of a dog (hunting or social). The most frequent way of transmission of parasitic diseases is through the contact (free-living animals with a domestic ones), or through contaminated environment with

**1. Introduction** 

subclinically infected farm animals.

2000; Krupicer et al., 2000).

chemicals and drying (Eckert, 1992).

**Using Anaerobic Stabilization** 

Ingrid Papajová and Peter Juriš

*Institute of Parasitology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences* 

*Slovak Republic* 

Microorganisms and Depends on the Dose of Application of Pig Slurry. *Science of the Total Environment*, vol. 407, No. 20, pp. 5411-5416, ISSN 0048-9697.

