**1. Introduction**

132 Management of Organic Waste

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The agricultural system in Nigeria and most developing countries has been dominated by the use of inorganic fertilizers as nutrient sources and synthetic pesticides for the management of pests and diseases. However the prices of these agro-chemicals have been skyrocketing beyond the reach of the rural poor farmer. Associated with this is their availability which is very highly unpredictable, thereby exposing the farmers to undue hardships in the crop production chain. Due to the high prices and unpredictable nature of the availability of these inputs, the rural poor farmers have resorted to utilizing organic materials /wastes principally as nutrient sources. These wastes however, have been shown to control a number of pests and diseases.

The term' waste' can be loosely defined as any material that is no longer of use, useless, of no further use to the owner and is, hence discarded or unwanted after use or a manufacturing process. These materials include agricultural wastes in the form of farm yard manure and dry-crop residues, sewage sludge, municipal refuse, industrial byproducts, such as oilcakes, sawdust and cellulosic waste. Others are animal wastes such as feathers, bone meal, horn meal, and livestock wastes. Most discarded wastes, however, can be reused or recycled. This is the basis of the rag picking trade, the rifting through refuse dumps for recovery and resale of some materials. Today, heaps of refuse dump sites are disappearing in Nigeria because farmers evacuate them for use on their farms as organic fertilizers. Fortunately, these have been found to control phyto-parasitic nematodes among other diseases (Abubakar and Adamu, 2004; Abubakar and Majeed, 2000; Akhtar and Alam, 1993; Chindo and Khan, 1990; Hassan *et al*., 2010). This is becoming an unconscious but well organized economically important waste management practice in Nigeria and many West African countries with attendant environmental benefits.

Utilization of Organic Wastes for the Management

when compared with the control.

galls on the cowpea (Table 2).

Source; Andres, *et al*. (2004).

stock.

of Phyto-Parasitic Nematodes in Developing Economies 135

Shiau et. al., 1999). In particular, several authors have reported suppression of diseases caused by root-knot nematodes with composted agricultural wastes (McSorely and Gallaher, 1995; Oka and Yerumiyahu, 2002). McSorely and Gallaher (1996) reported reductions in populations of the nematodes Paratrichodorus minor, M.incognita, Criconemella spp and Pratylenchus spp following applications of yard waste compost on maize (Zea mays) in Florida, USA. Forage yield of maize was increased by 10 to 212%

In Spain, Andres, *et al*. (2004) using different composted materials at different rates in potting mixtures for the management of *Meloidogyne* species, found that root galling and final nematode populations of *M. incognita* race1 and *M. javanica* in tomato and olive plants were reduced. Increasing the rate of the test materials exponentially reduced galling and final population density of *M.incognita* by 40.8 and 81.9%, respectively (Table 1). Similar results were obtained for *M. javanica.* In south western Nigeria, Olabiyi *et al*. (2007) found that both decomposed and un-decomposed manure applied as organic amendment caused significant reduction in the soil population of *Meloidogyne* spp. *Helicotylenchus* sp. and *Xiphinema* sp. on cowpea. The organic manure resulted in a significant reduction of root

Table 1. Effects of composited amendments of potting mixtures on the root galling and finl population of *Meloidogyne incognita* race I and *M. javanica* on tomato and olive planting

In recent years, there has been tremendous increase in public awareness on environmental pollution and climate change associated with pesticide toxicity and residues. This resulted in the shift in pest control strategies from chemical to the environmental era in the late 1980s. Since then several workers have reported that waste materials either of animal, plant or industrial origin have nematicidal and plant growth promoting properties (Akhtar and Alam, 1993; Chindo & Khan, 1990; Kimpinski *et al*., 2003. This has been exploited as an alternative means of nematode control (Abubakar and Adamu, 2004; Abubakar and Majeed, 2000; Hassan *et al*., 2010; Nico *et al*., 2004; Nwanguma and Awoderu, 2002;). The beneficial effects of organic incorporation have been generally considered to be due to increase in soil nutrients, improvement in soil physical and chemical properties (Huang and Huang, 1993; Hungalle, *et al*., 1986; Kang *et al*, 1981), direct or indirect stimulation of predators and parasites of phyto-parasitic nematodes (Kumar, 2007; Kumar et al, 2005; Kumar and Singh, 2011), and release of chemicals that act as nematicides (Akhtar and Alam, 1993; Sukul, 1992). Very often, when there was a decrease in the soil-pathogen population, there was a consequent increase in crop yield. (Akhtar, 1993; Akhtar and Alam 1993; Chindo and Khan, 1990).

Given the high cost and unpredictable supply of inorganic fertilizers and synthetic nematicdes, the best way to overcome such condition in the developing economies is to utilize waste resources for sustainable crop production and plant disease management. Given the importance of organic wastes highlighted above, this chapter intends to:

