**Landfill and Other General Aspects of MSW Management**

112 Management of Organic Waste

Lettinga, G., Zeeuw, W. J., & Ouborg, E. (1981). *Anaerobic treatment of wastes containing* 

Robinson, J. A., & Tiedje, J. M. (1982). *Kinetics of hydrogen consumption by rumen fluid,* 

Rózsáné, Sz. B., Simon, M., & Füleky, Gy. (2011). Effect of anaerobic pretreatment by dry

Simon, M. (2000). *Települési szerves hulladékok kezelése és hasznosítása,* PhD értekezés.

Wolin M. J., & Miller, T. L. (1982). *Interspecies hydrogen transfer: 15 years later*, ASM News, 48.

Zehnder A. J. B., Ingvorsen, K. & Mari, T. (1982). Microbiology of methane bacteria, In:

MSZ 21976/10:1982 Települési szilárd hulladékok vizsgálta, Kémiailag oxidálható

*anaerobic digestor sludge and sediment,* Applied Envoronmental Microbiology, 44. pp.

batch technology on eerobic gegradability of sewage sludge, In: *Anaerobic Digestion: Processes, Products and Applications,* Nova Science Publishers, ISBN 978-1-61324-420-

Debreceni Egyetem, Agrártudományi Centrum, Mezőgazdaságtudományi Kar, Környezetmérnöki Intézet, Víz- és Környezetgazdálkodási Tanszék, Debrecen Tchobanoglous, G., Theisen, H., & Vigil, S. (1993). *Integrated Solid Waste Management.*

Hughes, D. E. at al. (eds.) *Anaerobic Digestion 1981*, Elsevier Biomedical Press,

*methanol and higher alcohols,* WaterRes., 15. pp. 171-182

Chapter 9, mcGraw-Hill, New York.

Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 45-68

szervesanyag-tartalom meghatározása

1374-1384

3. In press

pp. 561-565

**7** 

*Spain* 

**Separate Collection Systems** 

**for Urban Waste (UW)** 

Antonio Gallardo, Míriam Prades,

*Universitat Jaume I, Castellón,* 

María D. Bovea and Francisco J. Colomer

Separate collection of urban waste can be defined as a specific collection system that allows recoverable materials in waste to be separated. The human factor is very important in this new collection model, as the citizen now plays an active rather than a passive role as a

Various solutions for separate collection have emerged in order to fulfil all the objectives stipulated by legislation and local authorities in various countries for the recovery of municipal waste. Germany uses the Dual System, in which packaging waste is collected separately by a network belonging to companies selling consumer products. Separation of the organic fraction is mandatory in the Netherlands. In France and Spain, the governments are the responsible for designing mechanisms to implement the separate collection of packaging waste and achievement of the goals stipulated by European legislation. In the USA and Canada in the early 1990s, many cities with residential areas containing singlefamily homes began pilot schemes for separate collection, with waste separated at source

The large number of factors involved in establishing a separate collection system (economic, social, environmental, legal, etc.) means that there is no single solution or alternative. This has given rise to studies of citizens' behaviour with regard to the various collection systems: the level of participation, quality of the waste collected, financial incentives, etc. (White *et al*., 1995; Wang *et al*., 1997, Gallardo, 2000, Martin *et al*., 2006, Shaw *et al*., 2006, Dahlén *et al*. 2007). Other authors have analysed the various demographic, logistic and economic factors influencing citizens' participation, and assessed the quantities collected, generation and composition data for certain indicators based on these factors (Daskalopoulos *et al*. 1998,

Separate collection of organic waste has been implemented in countries in northern Europe for several years, and is now relatively well established there. It is not yet widespread in Spain or others countries in southern Europe, but there are experiences in many autonomous regions at local or regional level which have had varying degrees of implementation and success. The Framework Directive on Waste (Directive 2008/98/EC) introduced the concept of biowaste and the need to recover this type of waste. The organic fraction of urban waste is considered biowaste, and it accounts for 36% (UE, 2011) of urban

**1. Introduction** 

processor of materials at source.

into two, three and four fractions.

Emery *et al*., 2003, González-Torre & Adenso-Díaz, 2005).
