**7. References**

Adani, F., Baido, D., Calcaterra, E., & Genevini, P. (2002) The influence of biomass temperature on biostabilization–biodrying of municipal solid waste. *Bioresource Technology,* Vol. 83, No. 3, pp. 173-179.

System A B C D E F *QCRo* (%) 68.51 83.82 93.12 90.80 97.67 92.96 *SRo (%)* 71.51 24.50 12.92 33.44 76.22 37.85

who do participate in this collection do it properly. The reason behind the low *QCRo* in system A is the proximity to the mixed waste container, as if the mixed waste container overflows, or even in cases of confusion, mixed waste can be deposited in the organic waste container. The mixed waste container in system A contains approximately 40% of organic waste, meaning that information campaigns are required so that citizens are more aware of

Regarding the *SRo*, it can be seen how system E has the highest value, which leads us to conclude that this is the best system. The proximity of the container to the citizen and a higher level of fractioning are undoubtedly factors in obtaining good results in the separate

Adani, F., Baido, D., Calcaterra, E., & Genevini, P. (2002) The influence of biomass

temperature on biostabilization–biodrying of municipal solid waste. *Bioresource* 

Fig. 11. System E Fractioning Rate

Fig. 12. System F Fractioning Rate

this type of collection.

**7. References** 

collection of organic waste.

Table 3. *QCRo* and *SRo* obtained in each system.

*Technology,* Vol. 83, No. 3, pp. 173-179.


**8** 

**Utilization of Organic Wastes for the** 

*1Department of Crop Protection, Institute for Agricultural Research,* 

 **in Developing Economies** 

P.S. Chindo1, L.Y. Bello3 and N. Kumar2

*Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida University, Lapai 3Department of Crop Protection, Federal University* 

*2Department of Crop Production, Faculty of Agriculture,* 

*Ahmadu Bello University , Zaria* 

 *of Technology, Minna* 

*Nigeria* 

**Management of Phyto-Parasitic Nematodes** 

The agricultural system in Nigeria and most developing countries has been dominated by the use of inorganic fertilizers as nutrient sources and synthetic pesticides for the management of pests and diseases. However the prices of these agro-chemicals have been skyrocketing beyond the reach of the rural poor farmer. Associated with this is their availability which is very highly unpredictable, thereby exposing the farmers to undue hardships in the crop production chain. Due to the high prices and unpredictable nature of the availability of these inputs, the rural poor farmers have resorted to utilizing organic materials /wastes principally as nutrient sources. These wastes however, have been shown

The term' waste' can be loosely defined as any material that is no longer of use, useless, of no further use to the owner and is, hence discarded or unwanted after use or a manufacturing process. These materials include agricultural wastes in the form of farm yard manure and dry-crop residues, sewage sludge, municipal refuse, industrial byproducts, such as oilcakes, sawdust and cellulosic waste. Others are animal wastes such as feathers, bone meal, horn meal, and livestock wastes. Most discarded wastes, however, can be reused or recycled. This is the basis of the rag picking trade, the rifting through refuse dumps for recovery and resale of some materials. Today, heaps of refuse dump sites are disappearing in Nigeria because farmers evacuate them for use on their farms as organic fertilizers. Fortunately, these have been found to control phyto-parasitic nematodes among other diseases (Abubakar and Adamu, 2004; Abubakar and Majeed, 2000; Akhtar and Alam, 1993; Chindo and Khan, 1990; Hassan *et al*., 2010). This is becoming an unconscious but well organized economically important waste management practice in Nigeria and many West African countries with attendant environmental

**1. Introduction** 

benefits.

to control a number of pests and diseases.

Kelleher, M. (1996). Four stream residential collection in Holland, *Biocycle,* October, pp. 46-50.

Kimrey, E. (1996). Rethinking the refuse/recycling ratio, *Biocycle*, July, pp. 44-47.

