**6.6 Deterring bulky waste**

Many landfills discourage the acceptance of bulky waste since bulky waste results in large voided spaces in a landfill due to the inert, or inability, to decompose in a landfill, which is an inefficient way to use a landfill especially when this material could be recycled. Bulky waste such as tree parts, construction and demolition debris, tires, carpets, are deterred from a landfill by implementing higher fees for this material or to build recycling and recovery facilities at the landfill to reduce the amount of material landfilled. Landfills can use crushed tires or construction and demolition debris for alternatives to covers or stone (NJDEP, 2006).

#### **6.7 Brownfield redevelopment**

Brownfield redevelopment remediates and preserves existing contaminated sites, like old landfills, for use in the future. Brownfield redevelopment provides economic development by establishing new areas for businesses and industry to expand, and gives people the opportunity to gather, visit, shop, recreate, or work in different places. Brownfield redevelopment not only provides economic advantages but also brings communities together in New Jersey. However, the redevelopment of landfills is a challenge due to a variety of contaminants involved and the geological issues of building above a landfill (Wiley and Assadi, 2002). The issues associated with landfill redevelopment projects include: the size of the landfill, contaminants' types, the size and depth of plume, type and

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**9. References** 

depth of waste, avoidance of open water areas, utilization of recyclable material for remediation and development, land value, finding a willing developer, regulatory guidelines, engineering designs, and financial incentives (NJDEP, 2006).

Depending on the end use for the site and landfill conditions, some sites may just need a traditional final cap and clean fill over the waste, while other sites may need to move and consolidate the waste into a more appropriate, controlled location. Some landfill redevelopments use residual materials such as contaminated sludge and recyclables to recontour the site and surcharge the waste, which is cheaper than using several meter-deep clean fill soil. All brownfield redevelopment projects must acquire all needed permits by multiple layers of government; conduct remedial investigations of the degree of contamination, gas, and leachate contamination; investigate natural constraints such as wetlands and discharges into surface water; study public and environmental health and safety; and identify the stability and serviceability of the development structures (NJDEP, 2006).

The larger the site, the more the redevelopment project is going to cost due to the probability of more natural constraints and illegal dumping of hazardous waste, thus increasing the costs of remediation. The remedial cost per acre reaches a plateau at 130 acres or more (NJDEP, 2006).The NJDEP supports private developer's landfill closures and third party landfill closure projects. The 1996 Gormely Bill offers up to 75% in state tax credits for remediation costs, and other financial and legal incentives are provided under the 1998 Brownfield Law (NJDEP, 2006).

There are several examples of successful brownfield redevelopments projects in New Jersey. One of the largest redevelopment projects is the EnCap Golf Holdings, LLC, where several closed landfills were capped and remediated for the construction of a golf course, commercial development, and residential areas in Bergen County. Another example of a brownfield redevelopment of old landfills is the Borgata Casino on the Atlantic City Landfill (NJDEP, 2006).
