**9. References**

164 Management of Organic Waste

depth of waste, avoidance of open water areas, utilization of recyclable material for remediation and development, land value, finding a willing developer, regulatory

Depending on the end use for the site and landfill conditions, some sites may just need a traditional final cap and clean fill over the waste, while other sites may need to move and consolidate the waste into a more appropriate, controlled location. Some landfill redevelopments use residual materials such as contaminated sludge and recyclables to recontour the site and surcharge the waste, which is cheaper than using several meter-deep clean fill soil. All brownfield redevelopment projects must acquire all needed permits by multiple layers of government; conduct remedial investigations of the degree of contamination, gas, and leachate contamination; investigate natural constraints such as wetlands and discharges into surface water; study public and environmental health and safety; and identify the stability and serviceability of the development structures (NJDEP,

The larger the site, the more the redevelopment project is going to cost due to the probability of more natural constraints and illegal dumping of hazardous waste, thus increasing the costs of remediation. The remedial cost per acre reaches a plateau at 130 acres or more (NJDEP, 2006).The NJDEP supports private developer's landfill closures and third party landfill closure projects. The 1996 Gormely Bill offers up to 75% in state tax credits for remediation costs, and other financial and legal incentives are provided under the 1998

There are several examples of successful brownfield redevelopments projects in New Jersey. One of the largest redevelopment projects is the EnCap Golf Holdings, LLC, where several closed landfills were capped and remediated for the construction of a golf course, commercial development, and residential areas in Bergen County. Another example of a brownfield redevelopment of old landfills is the Borgata Casino on the Atlantic City Landfill

In this study, the data review and analysis show that amount of municipal, industrial, and commercial waste are continuing to grow, continuously shrinking the remaining landfill space in New Jersey. Landfilling waste remains the best option for disposal, but New Jersey is a densely populated state without much capacity or areas to expand and create landfills. Even though landfill designs have improved significantly, many old landfills continue to pollute the air, groundwater, surface water, and soil. Cost benefit analysis followed by an appropriate cleanup strategy should be carefully implemented to clean up each contaminated site. While New Jersey implements innovative technologies to recover landfill space and remediate contaminated sites for redevelopment opportunities, most of these

This study was partially supported via the new faculty start-fund by the College of Science

and Mathematics (CSAM) at Montclair State University, New Jersey, USA.

guidelines, engineering designs, and financial incentives (NJDEP, 2006).

2006).

Brownfield Law (NJDEP, 2006).

techniques continue to require many years of execution

(NJDEP, 2006).

**7. Conclusion** 

**8. Acknowledgment** 


www.mswmanagement.com/elements-2008/msw-processing-past.aspx


http://epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/msw2009rpt.pdf


www.mswmanagement.com/elements-2009/us-landfill-disposal.aspx


**10** 

*Germany* 

**Synergisms between Compost and Biochar for** 

Driven by climate change and population growth, increasing human pressure on land forces conversion of natural landscapes to agricultural fields and pastures while simultaneously depleting land currently under agricultural use (Lal, 2009). Consequently, a vicious circle develops; further aggravating climate change, soil degradation, erosion, loss of soil organic matter (SOM) and leaching of nutrients. Therefore, sustainable concepts for increased food production are urgently needed to lower pressure on soils, in order to reduce or prevent the negative environmental impacts of intensive agriculture. A key for such strategies is the maintenance or increase of SOM level inducing positive ecosystem services such as increased productivity, nutrient and water storage, intact filter capacity, rooting, aeration and habitat for soil organism etc. (Fig. 1). In summary, SOM improves soil fertility and C

Soil quality = f(AWC, **SOM**, Rd, CEC, clay)t

 *Soil fertility increase C-Sequestration*

Fig. 1 Soil quality is a function (f) of available water holding capacity (AWC), soil organic matter level (SOM), root density (Rd), cation exchange capacity (CEC), clay content (clay) and time (t). The most important factor is SOM as it improves other variables such as AWC,

One efficient way to increase SOM level is compost application, produced especially from biomass wastes. During the last decades, attention was paid at the professionalization of composting due to several trends in today's society: On the one hand, growth of livestock breeding and intensication of crop production has occurred while an increasing shortage of

**1. Introduction** 

storage (C Sequestration).

Rd and CEC.

Corresponding Author

 \*

*Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Soil Biogeochemistry, Halle,* 

**Sustainable Soil Amelioration** 

Daniel Fischer\* and Bruno Glaser *Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg,* 

Wiley, J.B. & Assadi B. (2002) Redevelopment Potential of Landfills: A Case Study of Six New Jersey Projects, Federation of New York Solid Waste Associations Solid Waste/ Recycling Conference, Lake George, NY
