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190 Management of Organic Waste

seems to confirm the accuracy of this assumption since changes in pH and moisture content with greater peak temperatures and greater CO2 respiration suggest that composting process was more rapid if poultry litter was amended with biochar. In the same study the authors detected a reduction of ammonia emissions by up to 64 % and a decrease of total N losses by up to 52% if poultry litter was mixed with biochar. These observations support the hypothesis of higher nutrient retention ability induced by biochar amendment previously

Furthermore by the proliferation of microorganisms on the biochar backbone as well as between its pores, Yoshizawa et al. (2005) suggest that biochar properties are influenced by biological processes. Especially slow oxidation of biochar over time has been suggested to produce carboxylic groups on the edges of the aromatic backbone, increasing the CEC (Glaser et al., 2000). Due to higher temperature during compost processing, especially during thermophilic stage, biological activity as well as chemical reaction rate is increased, probably accelerating the partial oxidation and formation of functional groups of the amended biochar material but also interaction with labile OM and with minerals is

Besides the importance of biochar incorporation, additional amendments like clay minerals can add further value to the final compost product, e.g. by promoting an enhanced CEC or WHC due to their high adsorption or swelling capacity. Furthermore, their incorporation into organic substrates promotes the formation of organo-mineral complexes initiated by the biological activity of soil fauna after subsequent soil application. This aspect seems important since SOM in *terra preta* is stabilized by interaction with soil minerals (Glaser et

Other amendments like ash, excrements or urine contribute to the nutrients stock of the final composting product and can enhance microbial activity by their nutrient supply (Glaser & Birk 2011). According to Arroyo-Kalin et al. (2009) and Woods (2003), ash may have been a significant input material into *terra preta*, too. Furthermore for providing adequate moisture conditions during composting urine can be added instead of water for preventing the

After compost maturation, the final compost substrate can be beneficially applied to soils. In this respect, the soil biota contribute to a further transformation of the applied material and provide essential ecological services, for instance by promoting aggregation and further OM stabilization. By enhancing the specific biological, physical and chemical properties of soils amended with the biochar composting substrates, plant growth is generally promoted.

Our review clearly demonstrated beneficial effects of compost for ecosystem services. In addition, it is a promising tool for sustainable management of natural resources (soils, organic 'waste'. Especially two of the major problems of modern society (anthropogenic greenhouse effect and desertification) could be coped with proper compost technologies. However, as compost has only a moderate SOM reproduction potential, strategies for further optimization are required. These could be applying the *terra preta* concept, especially

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and its humin, humic and fulvic acid fractions in calcareous soil. Compost Science

*Edited by Sunil Kumar and Ajay Bharti*

This book reports research on the utilization of organic waste through composting and vermicomposting, biogas production, recovery of waste materials, and the chemistry involved in the processing of organic waste under various processing aspects. A few chapters on collection systems and disposal of wastes have also been included.

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Management of Organic Waste

Management of

Organic Waste

*Edited by Sunil Kumar and Ajay Bharti*