**4. Conclussion**

In view of the foregoing, it is clear that synthetic pesticide-based conventional system of agricultural production which has created many sources of pollution either directly or indirectly, contributed to degradation of the environment and destruction of our natural resource needs to be critically examined. This is with the view to minimizing usage of these compounds and deploying much more effective, cost effective and environmentally friendly strategies that will ensure good health of our people and enhance the stability of our agricultural soils. An area that appears to hold the greatest promise for technological advances in crop production, crop protection and natural resource conservation is that of organic wastes and organic materials. The generation of solid waste has been increasing steadily after the past ten years due to rising population, urbanization and industrialization in Nigeria and most developing countries. In the early 1970s, prior to the discovery of oil in Nigeria, municipal wastes were managed as compost manure and used as organic amendments. The onset of oil wealth changed lifestyle patterns leading to increased generation of varied components of municipal solid wastes which can be channeled towards improvement in crop production.

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**9** 

*USA* 

**Landfill Management and Remediation Practices in New Jersey, United States** 

*Department of Earth and Environmental Studies, Montclair State University,* 

In 2009, the United States generated 243 million tons of municipal solid waste equaling 1.97 kg per person per day. Approximately 54% or 131.9 million tons of municipal solid waste was landfilled, with a similar percentage in 2008 and 2007, which is equivalent to a net per capita landfilling rate of 1.07 kg per person per day. Municipal solid waste includes commercial waste but does not include industrial, hazardous, or construction waste (US EPA, 2010). Therefore, approximately 7.6 million additional tons of industrial wastes are disposed of in landfills in the United States each year (EPA, 2011a). In 2003, New Jersey (a state located in the Northeast of the United States) alone generated 19.8 million tons of solid

Landfills are the ultimate disposal of waste after recovery (i.e. recycling and reuse) and combustion, and the most acceptable and used form of solid waste disposal in the United States and throughout the world due to low costs in terms of exploitation and capital costs (Renou et al, 2008). However, municipal, commercial, industrial, hazardous, and construction materials contain nonhazardous and hazardous waste such as cleaning fluids and pesticides. Hazardous waste is harmful to the health of humans and the environment, exhibiting one of the following characteristics: toxicity, reactivity, ignitability, or corrosivity (EPA, 2011b). Nonhazardous waste includes all materials thrown in the garbage, sludge from wastewater, water, and air treatment plants, and wastes discarded from industrial, commercial, community, mining, and agricultural activities (EPA, 2011a). In the early 20th century, nonhazardous and hazardous wastes were regularly burned (Hansen & Caponi, 2009) and/or placed in unlined landfills coming into direct contact and polluting the air, water, and surrounding land (Duffy, 2008). To remedy the pollution caused by landfilling, appropriate remediation options should be performed. The most common methods for the remediation of landfills include excavation to recover recyclable materials, capping to reduce leachate generation, air sparging and soil vapor extraction to capture and remediate gases, and pump-and-treat of the leachatecontaminated plume. In contrast, modern landfills minimize the amount of landfill contamination cause through liner systems, leachate collection, and caps. The government controls landfills to ensure that they are properly operated, maintained, designed, closed, and

waste, with 9.5 million tons sent for disposal (NJDEP, 2006).

monitored (Environmental Industry Association, 2011).

**1. Introduction** 

1 Corresponding Author

Casey M. Ezyske and Yang Deng1

*Montclair, New Jersey* 

