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**Chapter 6**

**Abstract**

Livestock

*and Thekisoe Oriel*

Anthelmintic Resistance in

control strategy to control anthelmintic resistance.

imidazothiazoles, macrocyclic lactones

**1. Helminths infecting livestock**

**2. Treatment and control**

**2.1 Chemotherapy**

*Morutse Mphahlele, Nthatisi Molefe, Ana Tsotetsi-Khambule* 

For decades anthelmintics have been used as the primary control measure for worm infections in livestock. However, there has been continuous development of anthelmintic resistance (AR) by the parasitic worms infecting livestock. This chapter reviews AR in livestock with a special focus on treatment and control, modes of action of different anthelmintic classes, risk factors leading to development of AR, conventional and molecular tools used to detect AR, FAMACHA© and holistic

Livestock can be infected with a variety of helminths on pastures, through ingestion of the larvae of the parasites on the contaminated grass, the most common of which are gastrointestinal nematodes and flukes [1]. It goes without saying that helminths have constantly been problematic and without doubt a long-standing concern that threatens the livestock industry [2] given that these parasites have a negative impact on animal productivity and welfare, affecting among other things feed intake, growth rate and milk yield [3]. Parasitic worms include tapeworms, roundworms, lungworms, liver flukes, ring worms, hook worms and whip worms. Transmission of GIT parasites is fairly direct in most cases; the infective eggs or oocyst are passed with the faeces when the animal defecates, the next animal would be infected if they graze in the contaminated areas, and humans could be infected through ingestion of contaminated food and water and/or through close interactions of humans with the infected animals [4]. The annual cost associated with parasitic diseases has been estimated at 1 billion dollars in Australia [5], 7.11 billion dollars in Brazil [6], and believed to be tens of billions of dollars worldwide [5].

Worm control in most farms is exclusively based on anthelmintic treatments rather

than on management practices that embraces integrated strategies. The currently

**Keywords:** anthelmintic resistance, helminths, livestock, benzimidazoles,

## **Chapter 6**
