**Author details**

Toms Salgals\*, Inna Kurbatska, Sandis Spolitis, Vjaceslavs Bobrovs and Girts Ivanovs Institute of Telecommunications, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia

\*Address all correspondence to: toms.salgals@rtu.lv

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**101**

*Research of M-PAM and Duobinary Modulation Formats for Use in High-Speed WDM-PON…*

[8] Wagner C, Spolitis S, Olmos J, Bobrovs V, Tafur MI. Re-use of low bandwidth equipment for high bit rate transmission using signal slicing technique. In: Conference proceedings of Asia Communications and Photonics Conference, China, Hong Kong, 19-23 November 2015. Honkonga: Optical Society of America;

[9] Spolitis S, Wagner C, Olmos J, Bobrovs V, Ivanovs G, Monroy I. Experimental Demonstration of a Scalable Sliceable Transceiver for Optical Access Networks. In: Asia Communications and Photonics Conference 2014: Conference Proceedings, China, Shanghai, 11-14 November 2014. Shanghai: Optical Society of America; 2014. pp. 1-3

[10] Keysight Technologies, Canada Keysight High Speed Digital Seminar Series. PAM-4 Stressed Pattern

Generation. 2015. p. 41. Available from: http://www.keysight.com/upload/cmc\_ upload/All/HSDSeminarPaper4.pdf

[11] Keysight Technologies. PAM-4 Design Challenges and the Implications on Test. Application Note. 2015. p. 12. Available from: http://literature.cdn.keysight.com/

system—A review. International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering. 2014;**3**:11039-11046. Available from: http://www.ijareeie. com/upload/2014/august/12\_%20

litweb/pdf/5992-0527EN.pdf

Duobinary.pdf

2017;**5**:17795-17802

[12] Kaur R, Dewra S. Duobinary modulation format for optical

[13] Qamar F, Khawar Islam M, Shah SZA, Farhan R, Ali M. Secure duobinary signal transmission in optical communication networks for high performance & reliability. IEEE Access.

2015. pp. 1-3

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84600*

[1] Wei JL, Grobe K, Griesser H. High speed next generation passive optical networks: Performance, cost, and power dissipation. In: 2016 Progress in Electromagnetic Research Symposium (PIERS), Shanghai, China. 2016.

[2] Reed GT, Mashanovich G, Gardes FY, Thomson DJ. Silicon optical modulators. Nature Photonics. 2010;**4**(8):518-526

[3] Nazemi A, Kangmin H, Catli B, Delong C, Singh U, He T, et al. A 36Gb/s PAM4 transmitter using an 8b 18GS/s DAC in 28 nm CMOS. In: ISSCC 2005 IEEE International Digest of Technical Papers Solid-State Circuits Conference. 2015. pp. 1-3

[4] Amirkhany A, Abbasfar A, Savoj J, Jeeradit M, Garlepp B, Kollipara RT, et al. A 24 Gb/s software programmable analog multi-tone transmitter. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[5] Xiong C, Douglas MG, Jonathan EP, Jason SO, Wilfried H, William MJG. Monolithic 56 Gb/s silicon photonic pulse-amplitude modulation

transmitter. Optica. 2016;**3**:1060-1065

Paraschis L, Gerstel O, et al. Bandwidth scalable, coherent

paper OTuE3. pp. 1-3

[6] Geisler DJ, Fontaine NK, Scott RP, He T,

transmitter based on parallel synthesis of multiple spectral slices. In: Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exposition (OFC/NFOEC), 2011 and the National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference. Los Angeles, CA; 2011,

[7] Spolitis S, Olmos JJ, Bobrovs V, Ivanovs G, Monroy I. A novel approach for transmission of 56 Gbit/s NRZ signal in access network using spectrum slicing technique. In: Asia Communications and Photonics Conference 2013: Conference Proceedings, China, Beijing. 12-15 December 2013, paper AF4D.2. pp. 1-3

2008;**43**(4):999-1009

pp. 4856-4857

**References**

*Research of M-PAM and Duobinary Modulation Formats for Use in High-Speed WDM-PON… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84600*
