3. Session initiation protocol (SIP)

Modern telephony systems are based upon the Voice over IP (VoIP) protocols, such as SIP, which is a call control and signalling protocol adopted by the 3GPP in

In Figure 15, the reference signal msð Þt is the signal with rectangular edges superimposed on the smooth sine wave message signal. The reference signal is

Telecommunication Systems – Principles and Applications of Wireless-Optical Technologies

Δð Þ nTs

ence signal msð Þt is a stair-step approximation of m tð Þ as shown in Figure 15.

The difference value Δð Þ nTs is calculated at the nth sampling instant. The refer-

ðt

δð Þ t � nTs dτ (14)

obtained by integrating y tð Þ as follows [8]:

Figure 13. PWM modulation.

16

Figure 12. PAM modulation.

msðÞ¼ t ∑

þ∞ n¼�∞ order to deliver IP multimedia services [12] to the mobile network [6]. The design of SIP was inspired from HTTP protocol and standardised by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The purpose of SIP is to enable initiating, terminating interactive call sessions and changing parameters of ongoing sessions. The simplicity of SIP and the emergence of JAIN-SIP [13] have facilitated the development and implementation of platform-independent IP telephony services. Multimedia sessions enable communicating via voice, video and text. SIP messages are either requests or responses and use Session Description Protocol (SDP) in order to determine and negotiate session parameters at either endpoint. SIP supports name mapping and redirection functionalities and, thus, permits user mobility. A typical SIP architecture consists of SIP user agents (UAs) and servers.

lower nibble 0xD (in binary, 1011) is sent first starting by 1 (rightmost bit). The reference clocks are 2.5 and 25 MHz for 10-Mbps and 100-Mbps Ethernet, respectively. Reduced MII (RMII) and serial MII (SMII) are two reduced versions of MII, where 2-bit and 1-bit bus widths are used for the Phy, respectively. Compared to the 10-Mbps MII, the gigabit MII (GMII) communicates through 8-bit width bus with a reference clock of 125 MHz. However, the 10-Gbit MII (XGMII) standard deals

Some implementations of Ethernet on FPGA depend upon finite state machines (FSM) programmed in HDL, such as VHDL. Several open-source codes [13] offer

This review chapter contains an overview of telecommunications protocols that

The information in this chapter are intended to introduce the reader as well as the researcher in BCI to the core concepts in communications and to analogue and digital telecommunications protocols in an easy-to-follow approach supported with

The topics covered in this chapter include core concepts in electrical signals, communications, telecommunications protocols as well as other related topics including communications media, analogue and modulation techniques, softwaredefined radio, 10-Mbps Ethernet protocol and SIP protocol. The topics in this chapter are presented in an easy and simple style with a number of figures to explain the basic principles and fundamentals of telecommunications protocols.

Department of Electrical Engineering, Islamic University of Al-Madinah,

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

are part of modern telecommunications systems. This chapter also provides an overview on analogue and digital signal modulation techniques that are currently used in many research fields including BCI. The researcher in BCI domain as well as the electrical engineering student may find the flow of information smooth and

with 32 bits of data at a time.

Telecommunications Protocols Fundamentals DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86338

6. Conclusion

convenient.

Author details

Amer Al-Canaan

19

Al-Madinah Al-Munnawara, KSA

\*Address all correspondence to: amerc@iu.edu.sa

provided the original work is properly cited.

Ethernet implementations in VHDL or Verilog.

multiple figures and mathematical expression.
