**2. Current state of the access networks in the Czech Republic**

The Czech Republic has committed itself within the European Union to ensuring a transmission rate of at least 30 Mbit/s toward users by 2018 [15]. In 2020, the next milestone is going to be to increase the downlink speed up to 100 Mbit/s for approximately half of all households [15]. Both variables account for asymmetric transmission rates (usually higher transmission rates in the downstream direction). Based on [16], this "scarcity" should be eliminated by 2030. At that time, only a symmetric variant of Internet access will be considered.

Current technologies such as asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) are no longer able to meet the previously mentioned bandwidth requirements. The plans of the Czech Republic include a GPON or a variant of an active optical network. As presented in [17], the formal definition for next-generation networks can be defined as follows: next-generation networks (NGNs) are networks based on data packet transfer technologies capable of providing electronic communications services, allowing for the use of various high technologies that are able to manage and control the quality of the provided services, and whose functions related to these services are independent of basic transmission technologies. The network provides subscribers with unlimited access to various providers of publicly available electronic communications services and consistently supports the provision of services to subscribers at any point in the network. Additionally, next-generation networks can be split into backbone and access networks. This work, however, deals exclusively with access networks.

On the other hand, the Czech Republic is not entirely prepared to satisfy the high demands on the connection speed in all locations. Based on [18], the dominant transmission rates were mostly up to 10 Mbit/s. No significant growth of higher transmission rates has been recorded.

In 2016, the Czech Telecommunication Office published an annual report summarizing current technologies for Internet access. The associated graph can be seen in **Figure 1**. **Figure 1** clearly shows that the dominant technology in this area is wireless fidelity (WiFi) (26.8%), i.e., wireless transmission of information. The annual report does not include the frequencies used; however, the basic frequencies in the

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OLT control unit).

Internet protocol (IP),

i.e., toward the user.

**3. Household penetration**

follows [16]:

**Figure 1.**

*Deployment of PON in Europe and Deep Data Analysis of GPON*

license-free band (2.5/5 GHz) can be assumed. The second technology with the highest penetration is represented by mobile networks (23.2%). The third technology combines all types of xDSL technologies. This area is dominated by Telefonica O2 Czech Republic, a.s., with a penetration of 20.6%. Other xDSL technologies only reach 3.5%. According to [16], fiber to the x (FTTx) connections at the same value of penetration (11.9%) as cable operator UPC Czech Republic, s.r.o., currently offers the fastest connection speed of 500/30 Mbit/s (depending on the location). Conversely, FTTx connections depend only on the selected standard as with the fiber to the home (FTTH) variant. FTTx connections can support transmission rates up to 10/10 Gbit/s (depending on the number of end units connected to the

The properties of the next-generation access networks can be summarized as

• providing high transmission rates for subscribers and providing reliable services through optical networks or other comparable technologies,

• supporting a variety of advanced digital and converged services based on

The current state of fiber to the building (FTTB) or FTTH connections is generally problematic to analyze. These data are usually not freely available, and the cost of these documents is high (on the order of thousands of dollars). A company named IDATE has published its market research for the FTTH Council Europe conference [19]. The outcome of the analysis for Europe clearly shows that Latvia has the best FTTB/H (households) connection (see **Figure 2**). Their household penetration is approximately 50.6% (25.3% are FTTH connections). Another dominant country is Sweden, with a total penetration of 43.3% (only 8.5% are FTTH connections). The total penetration for the Czech Republic is very low compared to other countries, with a total penetration of 3.7% (only 2% are FTTH connections). Compared to the neighboring state, Slovakia has an overall penetration of 17.7%

• providing significantly higher transmission rates in the downstream direction,

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82679*

*Access technologies market share in the Czech Republic [15].*

*Deployment of PON in Europe and Deep Data Analysis of GPON DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82679*

**Figure 1.**

*Telecommunication Systems – Principles and Applications of Wireless-Optical Technologies*

**2. Current state of the access networks in the Czech Republic**

symmetric variant of Internet access will be considered.

exclusively with access networks.

transmission rates has been recorded.

The Czech Republic has committed itself within the European Union to ensuring a transmission rate of at least 30 Mbit/s toward users by 2018 [15]. In 2020, the next milestone is going to be to increase the downlink speed up to 100 Mbit/s for approximately half of all households [15]. Both variables account for asymmetric transmission rates (usually higher transmission rates in the downstream direction). Based on [16], this "scarcity" should be eliminated by 2030. At that time, only a

Current technologies such as asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) are no longer able to meet the previously mentioned bandwidth requirements. The plans of the Czech Republic include a GPON or a variant of an active optical network. As presented in [17], the formal definition for next-generation networks can be defined as follows: next-generation networks (NGNs) are networks based on data packet transfer technologies capable of providing electronic communications services, allowing for the use of various high technologies that are able to manage and control the quality of the provided services, and whose functions related to these services are independent of basic transmission technologies. The network provides subscribers with unlimited access to various providers of publicly available electronic communications services and consistently supports the provision of services to subscribers at any point in the network. Additionally, next-generation networks can be split into backbone and access networks. This work, however, deals

On the other hand, the Czech Republic is not entirely prepared to satisfy the high demands on the connection speed in all locations. Based on [18], the dominant transmission rates were mostly up to 10 Mbit/s. No significant growth of higher

In 2016, the Czech Telecommunication Office published an annual report summarizing current technologies for Internet access. The associated graph can be seen in **Figure 1**. **Figure 1** clearly shows that the dominant technology in this area is wireless fidelity (WiFi) (26.8%), i.e., wireless transmission of information. The annual report does not include the frequencies used; however, the basic frequencies in the

all end users (in theory, up to 128 customers per port). The available bandwidth can be operatively changed in time and according to the requirements using dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithms [10–13]. The decreasing cost of the necessary devices allows GPON optical line termination (OLT) to be used more often for service providers; on the other hand, the standard in use may not be sufficient for the future. The cost of the next-generation PON (XG-PON) terminal units is still quite high, regardless of the OLT unit price. The price of the technology itself is determined by the price of the optical network unit (ONU) terminal units. The advantage of deploying next-generation networks would be the ability to a share the transfer rate of up to 10 Gbit/s. Together with appropriate DBA algorithms, the full bandwidth utilization or its adequate distribution between endpoints would be efficiently used. GPON networks theoretically allow us to transfer data up to 19 Mbit/s for each ONU (considered for the maximum transfer rate and a split ratio of 1:128). XG-PON networks are limited by higher split ratios but have higher transfer rates available. Theoretically, 39 Mbit/s can be achieved for each ONU. In other words, the transfer rates are the maximum possible in both GPON and XG-PON networks. Usually, the guaranteed transfer rates are several times lower according to the use of a transmission container

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(T-CONT) [14].

*Access technologies market share in the Czech Republic [15].*

license-free band (2.5/5 GHz) can be assumed. The second technology with the highest penetration is represented by mobile networks (23.2%). The third technology combines all types of xDSL technologies. This area is dominated by Telefonica O2 Czech Republic, a.s., with a penetration of 20.6%. Other xDSL technologies only reach 3.5%. According to [16], fiber to the x (FTTx) connections at the same value of penetration (11.9%) as cable operator UPC Czech Republic, s.r.o., currently offers the fastest connection speed of 500/30 Mbit/s (depending on the location). Conversely, FTTx connections depend only on the selected standard as with the fiber to the home (FTTH) variant. FTTx connections can support transmission rates up to 10/10 Gbit/s (depending on the number of end units connected to the OLT control unit).

The properties of the next-generation access networks can be summarized as follows [16]:

