**Abstract**

The production of energy from water represents large amounts of clean and renewable energy. However, only 30% of this energy has been developed so far. Hydropower, particularly hydropower plants, is not only environmentally friendly but also economical, and operates more efficiently than any other renewable energy system. Hydropower plants are largely automated and have relatively low operating costs. The main components of the power system must be continuously monitored and protected to maintain the quality and reliability of the power source. This task is provided by the data collection, monitoring and protection system. Turbines must be protected not only by short circuits but also by abnormal conditions. The proposed protection has been designed to avoid damaging the original power (motor or turbine), this usually happens when the generator fails, and the machine operates as a synchronous motor connected to the power system. In this case, the generator becomes an active load, causing a rise in temperature and severe damage to the main turbine, and hence it becomes a need to quickly detect these conditions. This study proposes a new controller for Neuro-Fuzzy to prevent reverse power flow and to keep the quality and reliability of supply. Fuzzy system network has attracted various scientific and engineering researchers. The new feature of this work is to adjust the membership function as a reverse mechanism derived of the Fuzzy Logic Controller. The smart meter network is the basis of the smart grid. In this study, smart grid meters were implemented using ZigBee technology based on wireless sensor networks. The ZigBee network of wireless sensors due to its low battery, low power consumption, become more useful than other wireless communication systems to provide a high-performance measurement. This study shows the ZigBee network using the OPNET simulation. Depending on the performance, parameters were analysed to understand the operating characteristics of the star, tree, and mesh.

**Keywords:** smart grids, ZigBee IEEE 802.15.4, neuro-fuzzy network, directional relay

### **1. Summary**

Literature reviews play a vital role in improving renewable energy because science is still a cumulative effort in the first place. As with any discipline, the synthesis of rigorous knowledge becomes indispensable to keeping up with the is growing searched pace of smart grid domain, which is developing exponentially by academics and engineers and scientific searched in the content of many papers, evaluated and synthesized [1–3]. The proposed study could provide a theoretical basis for confirming the need for investigative questions, proving that research methods have increased accumulated knowledge. Besides, high-quality reviews have made researchers look for a lot of literature when conducting empirical research.

In addition, high-quality reviews have made researchers look for a lot of literature when conducting empirical research. To conclude, our main objective in this chapter is to develop solutions to improve the spread of distributed energy and with high-speed synchronisation communication, that is central to the continuous development of the smart grid field. We hope that ours. This chapter will serve as a valuable source for those conducting, evaluating or engineers in this important and growing domain. The future distribution network may include a large-scale distributed power generation penetration into the smart grid. This scenario is aimed at the transition from a passive distribution network to an active distribution. The integration of DG units has a significant impact on the operation of power flow, voltage distribution, and protection systems in the distribution network [1]. (1) Explore issues that drive the demands of future rapid Intelligent protection systems, (2) design and develop a protection strategy that can be applied to any grid equipped DG. The concept of innovative protection must ensure the selectivity of protection in case of failure, (3) apply the new concept of intelligent protection algorithm.

As a result, the performance of the existing distribution network's traditional inverse-time protection system was evaluated. In this way, we have identified the problems faced by the current applicable protection strategies; the results of the simulation prove that the traditional protection system is insufficient to provide a satisfactory level of protection selectivity. This chapter introduces the transformation of the traditional protection strategy to the future intelligent distribution network protection system. This shows how unprecedented advances in sensor technology and the emergence of new communication protocols have stimulated innovation in protection systems. The latest technological advances have enabled existing protection systems based on local information to be transferred to innovative security systems, In Addition; the details of the new communication mechanism for the application of high-speed protection systems were discussed. Clever's protection strategies are fast, flexible and offer a high level of selectivity protection.

This chapter designs and develops a new concept of intelligent protection strategy. This approach applies to any network administered by DG. The proposed intelligent protection system aims to reduce the time to eliminate failures, to ensure the selectivity of protection and to enhance the availability of the units of the DG throughout faults. The new scheme of realising a protection scheme using advanced sensor, neural fuzzy scheme and ZigBee network is expounded. The intelligent algorithm ensures the selectivity of the protection by minimising the time of failure and eliminating the problem of the large time disconnection in the system [1].
