**3. The smart grid communication network architecture**

The old communication system is characterised by limited efficiency and limited information exchange; the intelligent metering network is the backbone of a smart distribution network. It is essential to select the appropriate communications to facilitate the real-time flow of bi-directional information. It is mainly used by the main transmission point and a limited number of sensors on the transmission line for control and fault detection. Compared with the traditional network, an intelligent system contains a much larger number of sensors. Sensors are used to exchange information between terminals devices and data centres to handle such a large data stream, the SG must-have reliable communications and security infrastructure. The communication infrastructure must be self-managed and configured to change automatically [13].

#### **Figure 1.**

*Telecommunication Systems – Principles and Applications of Wireless-Optical Technologies*

evaluated and synthesized [1–3]. The proposed study could provide a theoretical basis for confirming the need for investigative questions, proving that research methods have increased accumulated knowledge. Besides, high-quality reviews have made researchers look for a lot of literature when conducting empirical

In addition, high-quality reviews have made researchers look for a lot of literature when conducting empirical research. To conclude, our main objective in this chapter is to develop solutions to improve the spread of distributed energy and with high-speed synchronisation communication, that is central to the continuous development of the smart grid field. We hope that ours. This chapter will serve as a valuable source for those conducting, evaluating or engineers in this important and growing domain. The future distribution network may include a large-scale distributed power generation penetration into the smart grid. This scenario is aimed at the transition from a passive distribution network to an active distribution. The integration of DG units has a significant impact on the operation of power flow, voltage distribution, and protection systems in the distribution network [1]. (1) Explore issues that drive the demands of future rapid Intelligent protection systems, (2) design and develop a protection strategy that can be applied to any grid equipped DG. The concept of innovative protection must ensure the selectivity of protection in case of failure, (3) apply the new concept of

As a result, the performance of the existing distribution network's traditional inverse-time protection system was evaluated. In this way, we have identified the problems faced by the current applicable protection strategies; the results of the simulation prove that the traditional protection system is insufficient to provide a satisfactory level of protection selectivity. This chapter introduces the transformation of the traditional protection strategy to the future intelligent distribution network protection system. This shows how unprecedented advances in sensor technology and the emergence of new communication protocols have stimulated innovation in protection systems. The latest technological advances have enabled existing protection systems based on local information to be transferred to innovative security systems, In Addition; the details of the new communication mechanism for the application of high-speed protection systems were discussed. Clever's protection strategies are fast, flexible and offer

This chapter designs and develops a new concept of intelligent protection strategy. This approach applies to any network administered by DG. The proposed intelligent protection system aims to reduce the time to eliminate failures, to ensure the selectivity of protection and to enhance the availability of the units of the DG throughout faults. The new scheme of realising a protection scheme using advanced sensor, neural fuzzy scheme and ZigBee network is expounded. The intelligent algorithm ensures the selectivity of the protection by minimising the time of failure and eliminating the problem of the large time disconnection in

The smart grid (SG) is the next generation of power grids. Its purpose is to overcome the problems that exist in the conventional power grid. Smart grid technology has been used, such as sensors and communication networks, and advanced software and sensors to provide control and enhance the protection and optimisation of all network components, including production, transmission, and distribution.

**204**

the system [1].

**2. Introduction**

research.

intelligent protection algorithm.

a high level of selectivity protection.

*Communication network architecture [14].*

**Figure 1** shows the smart grid communication architecture, including the neighbourhood network (NANs), home LAN (HANs), wide area network (WANs), substation and data centre. These networks as follows will be displayed briefly [14–16].
