*5.2.5 Medium access control (MAC) load*

As shown in **Figure 20**, MACload is used for forwarding the load for each PAN in the transmission of packets in the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC, that is, the physical layer, in the upper layers. The performance of the MACload presents similar results to the throughput performance. In other words, this result confirms the conclusion that

#### **Figure 19.**

*Data arrival rate against delay.*

**219**

*New High-Speed Directional Relay Based on Wireless Sensor Network for Smart Grid Protection*

**Definition Value** Test zone (radius) ~100 meters Number of end devices 8 Number of routers 6 Number of coordinators 1 Mobility model Random Simulation duration 1200 s

the faster the load transfer to the upper layers from the physical level is, the more efficient the network. As shown in **Table 2** the local routing information covers only a small area (the diameter of the test distance is about 250 meters) [1].

The difference between the ZigBee and the WiMAX mobile networks is the distinction in their technology standard. The WiMAX mobile networks used in the simulation employ the IEEE 802.16 standard technology, whereas ZigBee follows the 802.15.4 standard. Mobile WiMAX seems to have better functionality than ZigBee, but taking into account the scalability of the latter, the former can install additional ZigBee devices because of its low-cost features and the possibility of reducing the battery size and operation hours. However, ZigBee may be more effective in certain areas because if its low energy consumption rate. The advantages of

(1) To prevent the flow in the opposite direction, and damage to the generator or the main engine. (2) To avoid the occurrence of explosion or fire, this is mostly

The existing power system is undergoing significant changes. Smart grid technology is the method used in the future power system framework, the integration of energy and communications infrastructure is inevitable. Intelligent network technology is characterised by the realisation of a complete dual communications infrastructure, automatic measurement, renewable energy integration, distribution automation and network monitoring. Wireless network to achieve the collection and transmission of real-time data. With flexibility in a wireless sensor network, high detection accuracy, low cost and excellent performance. Therefore, it can be used to develop interesting remote sensing applications. Implementation of sensor networks must meet the flexibility, scalability, cost, equipment, changes in the topology of the environment and energy consumption and other factors and limitations. Wireless sensor network has the flexibility, with high precision sensing, low cost and other excellent characteristics. Therefore, the sensor network must meet the flexibility, scalability, cost, environmental topology changes and energy consumption and other factors. The performance analysis of the topology of the ZigBee wireless network was carried out by using OPNET 14.5 simulators. The network topology of the star, tree and mesh is compared according to the end-toend delay, throughput, Mac traffic load, and the four parameters of the transmit and receive traffic parameters. In terms of star topology throughput, the MacLoad is higher than the resulting value of the mesh topology, so the use of star topology is considered to be very important. The network types of the star, tree, and grid are

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85891*

**6. Conclusions**

*Summary of the simulation parameters.*

**Table 2.**

proposed protection are as follows:

caused by unburned fuel in the generator.

**Figure 20.** *Simulation scenario against a MAC load.* *New High-Speed Directional Relay Based on Wireless Sensor Network for Smart Grid Protection DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85891*


#### **Table 2.**

*Telecommunication Systems – Principles and Applications of Wireless-Optical Technologies*

It is the time it takes for a home target application to get the package generated by the source application. The results show the mesh/tree, and star topology delays are 9.6 and 7.9 ms. And the delay time of the mesh/tree topology is longer than that of the star topology, as shown in **Figure 19**. In a star topology, only one parent object is represented by a ZigBee coordinator. Therefore, the final mobility of the

As shown in **Figure 20**, MACload is used for forwarding the load for each PAN in the transmission of packets in the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC, that is, the physical layer, in the upper layers. The performance of the MACload presents similar results to the throughput performance. In other words, this result confirms the conclusion that

*5.2.4 End-to-end delay*

device may cause some delay.

*5.2.5 Medium access control (MAC) load*

**218**

**Figure 20.**

**Figure 19.**

*Data arrival rate against delay.*

*Simulation scenario against a MAC load.*

*Summary of the simulation parameters.*

the faster the load transfer to the upper layers from the physical level is, the more efficient the network. As shown in **Table 2** the local routing information covers only a small area (the diameter of the test distance is about 250 meters) [1].
