Meet the editor

Luis Rodrigo, MD, is Emeritus Professor of Medicine at the University of Oviedo, Spain. He has been Chief of Gastroenterology Service at HUCA Hospital in Oviedo for more than 40 years. He obtained a PhD in 1975 and has had a long teaching and research career. He has published 590 scientific papers in both English and Spanish and written thirty-five book chapters and edited twenty-four books. Dr. Rodrigo has participated as a main inves-

tigator in forty-five clinical trials. He has directed forty doctoral theses and contributed to the formation of 100 specialists in gastroenterology working in hospitals in Spain and abroad. His areas of interest are celiac disease and autoimmune diseases.

Contents

**Section 1**

in Young Pigs

**Section 2**

**Preface III**

Importance of *E. coli* Infections and Pathogenic Mechanism **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 15**

**Chapter 3 43**

Diagnosis and Treatment **55**

**Chapter 4 57**

**Chapter 5 79**

**Chapter 6 97**

Fast Detection of Pathogenic *Escherichia coli* from Chicken Meats

Safety Aspect of Recombinant Protein Produced by *Escherichia coli*:

Dietary Intervention to Reduce *E. coli* Infectious Diarrhea

Toxin Evaluation with Strain and Genomic Approach *by Iman Permana Maksum, Ahmad Nabiel, Safri Ishmayana* 

Systematic Deletion of Type III Secretion System Effectors in Enteropathogenic *E. coli* Unveils the Role of Non-LEE

*by Massiel Cepeda-Molero, Stephanie Schüller, Gad Frankel* 

*Lais Sanches Maekawa, Roopvir Kaur, Silas Jose Braz Filo, Purnadeo Persaud, Juber Dastagir Shaikh, Asim Kichloo* 

*by Akshay Kumar, Ana Francesca Vommaro Leite,* 

*by Saloua Helali and Adnane Abdelghani*

*by Peng Ji, Xunde Li and Yanhong Liu*

*and Ukun M.S. Soedjanaatmadja*

Aptamers for Infectious Disease Diagnosis *by Soma Banerjee and Marit Nilsen-Hamilton*

Effectors in A/E Lesion Formation

*and Luis Ángel Fernández*

*and Nimisha Shiwalkar*

Management of *E. coli* Sepsis

## Contents



Preface

Food-borne microorganisms are major pathogens that affect food safety and cause human illness worldwide. Bacteria are the causative agents of two-thirds of human food-borne diseases globally, with high burden in developing countries. Meat, dairy products, and eggs are the main avenues by which people are exposed to zoonotic bacteria such as *Staphylococcus aureus*, *Salmonella*, *Campylobacter*, *Listeria monocytogenes*, and *Escherichia coli.* These are the major zoonotic bacterial pathogens

responsible for food-borne illness and death associated with consumption of

Production of toxins and structural virulent factors are responsible for the pathogenesis of these bacteria. These major zoonotic bacteria cause human infections characterized mainly by gastrointestinal symptoms including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and other agent-specific symptoms. Some bacteria may cause severe complications. Conventional (culturing), serological, and molecular techniques are important for detecting these common zoonotic

The emergence of multidrug-resistant zoonotic bacteria associated with

consumption of contaminated animal products is a great concern for public health. As such, there should be coordinated surveillance and a monitoring system for food-borne zoonotic bacterial pathogens, particularly in developing countries. International trade and the ever-growing flow of goods and people enable animal diseases and zoonotic pathogens to travel worldwide. The risk of reintroducing previously eradicated animal diseases is omnipresent all over the world, as considerable amounts of food products of animal origin from endemic countries

*E. coli* is one of the most-studied microorganisms worldwide, but its characteristics are continually changing. Extra-intestinal *E. coli* infections, such as urinary tract infections and neonatal sepsis, represent a huge public health problem. They are caused mainly by specialized extra-intestinal pathogenic *E. coli* (ExPEC) strains that can innocuously colonize human hosts, but can also cause disease upon entering a normally sterile body site. The virulence capability of such strains is determined by a combination of distinctive accessory traits called virulence factors in conjunction with their distinctive phylogenetic background. It is conceivable that by developing interventions against the most successful lineages or their key virulence/colonization factors, the associated burden of disease and healthcare costs could be reduced in the future. On the other hand, one important problem worldwide is the increase of antimicrobial resistance shown by bacteria. As underscored in the last World Health Organization (WHO) global report, within a wide range of infectious agents including *E. coli*, antimicrobial resistance has reached an extremely worrisome situation that "threatens the achievements of

contaminated animal products.

bacteria and their toxins in food.

modern medicine."

are continuously imported legally and illegally.
