*Animal Models in Psychiatric Disorder Studies DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.89034*

*Animal Models in Medicine and Biology*

**Drug-induced models** Amphetamine model of

Glutamatergic manipulation (Phencyclidine; MK-801;

**Genetic manipulation DISC-1 mutations**

Dominant-negative isoforms of DISC1

**Neuregulin1, ErbB4, and dysbindin**

**Developmental models** Neonatal excitotoxic hippocampal lesion

Methylazomethanol (MAM) and polyinosinicpolycytidylic acid (poly I:C)

SCZ

Ketamine)

**Model Endophenotype Molecular alterations References**

↑ Mesolimbic dopamine

[22–26]

[27–29]

[30–32]

[33, 34]

[35]

[36]

[37–39]

[40, 41]

[42–44]

↑ Acetilcholine in PFc

↓ PV-immunoreactive neurons in PFc and hippocampus

↓ Brain volume; ↓ PDE4B activity and binding to DISC1; ↓ PV-immunoreactive; ↓ Dendritic density

↓ Dopamine, DOPAC; ↓ PV-immunoreactive

↓ Dopamine; ↓ PV-immunoreactive

↑ Increase in highaffinity D2R; ↑ Translocation of dopamine transporter; ↑ Dopamine inflow

**Neuregulin1; ErbB4:** ↓ Hippocampal spine

↑ Lateral ventricles; **Dysbindin:** ↑ HVA/DA ratio; ↑ Excitability of PFc pyramidal neurones

↑ Mesolimbic dopamine

↑ Acetilcholine in PFc

↓ PV-immunoreactive neurons in PFc and hippocampus

density;

response;

response;

**Acute:**

↓ PPI

Missense mutations models ↓ PPI; ↓ latent inhibition;

Knockdown ↑ Amphetamine sensibility;

Overexpression ↑ Amphetamine sensibility;

Knock-out ↑ Amphetamine sensibility;

memory; ↓ Reversal learning performance;

↓ Latent inhibition; ↑ locomotion **Chronic:**

Same as acute but with

↑ Locomotion; ↓ working

↓ Social interaction; ↓ PPI

↑ Amphetamine sensibility; ↓ working memory

↓ PPI; ↓ working memory

↑ rearing behavior; ↑ locomotion; ↓ learning in

↑ locomotion; ↓ PPI; ↓ Working memory; ↓ social interaction

↓ PPI; ↓ Working memory; ↓ Social interaction; ↑ Amphetamine sensibility; ↑ MK-801/PCP sensibility;

↑ Amphetamine sensibility; ↑ MK-801/PCP sensibility; ↓ Social interaction; ↓ PPI; ↓ Working memory

*PPI = prepulse inhibition; PFc = prefrontal cortex; PV = parvalbumin; PDE4B = cAMP-specific 3",5"-cyclic phosphodiesterase 4B; DISC1 = disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1; DOPAC = dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; HVA =* 

↑ locomotion

↑ Locomotion;

*All of these models show behavioral and molecular changes that can be associated with SCZ.*

*Some examples of SCZ models induced by drugs, genetic manipulation, and prenatal insults.*

*homovanillic acid; DA = dopamine; poly I:C = Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid.*

rotarod task

↑ Depressive-like phenotype

**62**

**Table 2.**

can be used to induce these changes, in which the stressor, time of exposure to the stimulus, and other parameters may vary. For more detailed review of MDD models, see also [51] (**Table 3**).


*BDNF = brain-derived neurotrophic factor; miRNA = microRNA; ATP = adenosine triphosphate; PFc = prefrontal cortex; HPA = hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis.*

#### **Table 3.**

*Examples of models for MDD induced by stressors, injuries in brain regions, and by selective inbreeding.*
