**10. References**


Several authors recommended sequences of DNA that show polymorphism at low hierarchical level are therefore suitable for distinguishing between individuals within the same species. They clearly pointed non-coding nuclear DNA sequences could be the best choice. Among those sequences, the microsatellites are likely the most suitable ones. However SNPs that require shorter than 100 bp DNA templates, considered to be

In some cases of using microsatellite, the microsatellite profiles obtained with the monovarietal oil-derived DNA were generally consistent with the cultivar used, although some ambiguities were recorded likely due to contamination in monovarietal oils by other cultivars grown in the same block or contaminations occurred at the mill. Moreover, in some cases the lack of matching in leaf and oil profiles has been reported that was due to the presence of embryos in berry seeds that brought the alleles of pollinators. Other cases of mis-amplification were recorded as a missing allele, due either to the preferential amplification of one of the two alleles in oil-derived DNA templates, or to the excess of degradation of the DNA template of the miss allele, that limited the production of a sufficient number of copies of that allele to be detected. In such a case, real-time PCR assay

To trace out the adulteration in *olive oil* using combined approach of molecular biology and bioinformatics based on unique SNPs present in conserved DNA sequence of plastid genomes of sunflower, canola and olive has been already performed. In general, plastid/chloroplasts are miniature organelles (approx. 5 X 3 µm in size) enclosed in double layer membranes. They are present in abundance (10–100 per cell, and each plastid contains about 100 copies of circular plastid genomes, average size 150 kb) and there is probability that most of the plastid organelles may be left intact due to miniature size when cold

Moreover, plastid DNA present in extracted oil could be safe from nucleases activities due to double layer membranes and present in large number of copies in comparison to 1–2

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**10** 

*1Italy 2Hungary* 

**Quality Assessment of** 

**H-NMR Fingerprinting** 

*2Chemical Research Center,* 

Claude Guillou1 and Károly Héberger2 *1European Commission - Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Physical and Chemical Exposure Unit, Ispra,* 

*Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest,* 

Rosa M. Alonso-Salces1,\*, Margaret V. Holland1,

**Olive Oil by <sup>1</sup>**

Olive oil is the oil extracted exclusively from the fruit of *Olea europea* L. only by means of mechanical methods or other physical procedures that do not cause any alteration of the glyceric structure of the oil thus preserving its characteristic properties. Olive oil is a highly appreciated edible oil, which is an important component of the Mediterranean diet, and is

The International Olive Council (IOC) establishes the definitions and classes of olive oils, based on methods of production and the free acidity of the oil, as well as the trade standard for their commercialization (International Olive Council, 2011). Much analytical work has been done on the authentication and quality assessment of this high added value agricultural product, as well as on the detection of its adulteration for both economic and health considerations (Frankel, 2010; Guillen & Ruiz, 2001). However, these issues continue to be major analytical challenges. In this context, the European Commission launched the TRACE project (http://www.trace.eu.org/) through the Sixth Framework Program under the Food Quality and Safety Priority with the aim of providing reliable analytical strategies

This chapter reports research work on the use of 1H-NMR fingerprinting, combined with pattern recognition techniques, for the quality assessment of olive oil. Two major issues have been studied, the geographical origin of virgin olive oil (VOO) and the stability of

The information contained in this chapter reflects the authors' views; the European Commission is not

**1. Introduction** 

recognized for its potential health benefits.

to address this kind of problem.

VOO at room temperature.

liable for any use of the information contained herein.

Corresponding Author

 \*

