**5. Detection techniques**

Various researchers deal with determination of metals in oils at trace, ultra-trace levels using spectrometric and electrometric techniques. Mentioned detection techniques may be combined with some chromatographic systems. Oils have been analyzed for different metals using atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS and GFAAS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). ICP techniques have become more popular since the early 1990s. Although the use of AAS (flame, graphite furnace, hydride generation and cold vapour) has declined during the same period, it is still the most widely used technique (Rose et al., 2001).

Metal Determinations in Olive Oil 101

Allen L. B., Siitonen, P. H. & Thompson, H. C. (1998). Determination of Copper, Lead, and

Angioni, A.; Cabitza, M.; Russo, M. T. & Caboni, P. (2006). Influence of Olive Cultivars and

Ansari, R.; Kazi; T. G.; Jamali, M. K.; Arain M. B.; Sherazi, S. T., Jalbani, N. & Afridi, H. I.

Ansari, R.; Kazi; T. G.; Jamali, M. K.; Arain M. B.; Wagan, M. D.; Jalbani, N.; Afridi, H. I. &

Anthemidis, A. N.; Arvanitidis, V. & Stratis, J. A. (2005). On-line Emulsion Formation and

Anwar, F.; Kazi, T.G.; Jakharani, M.A.; Sultana, R. & Sahito, S.R. (2003). Improved Extraction

Anwar, F.; Kazi, T.G.; Saleem, R. & Bhanger, M.I. (2004). Rapid Determination of Some Trace

Ashkenani, H.; Dadfarnia, S.; Shabani, A. M. H.; Jaffari, A. A. & Behjat, A. (2009).

Bağdat Yaşar, S. & Güçer, Ş. (2004). Fractionation Analysis of Magnesium in Olive Products

Bat, B. & Cesur H. (2002). Determination of Copper in Edible Oils by Atomic Absorption

Benedet, J. A. & Shibamoto T. (2008). Role of Transition Metals, Fe(II), Cr(II), Pb(II), and

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A New Schiff Base using Artificial Neural Networks. *Talanta*, Vol.77, (July 2008),

Nickel in Edible Oils by Plasma and Furnace Atomic Spectroscopies. *Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society,* Vol.75, No.4, (October 1997), pp. 477-481, ISSN 0003-

Period of Harvest on the Contents of Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn in Virgin Olive Oils. *Food* 

(2008). Improved Extraction Method for the Determination of Iron, Copper, and Nichel in New Varieties of Sunflower Oil by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. *Journal of AOAC International*, Vol.91, No.2, (November 2008), pp. 400-407, ISSN

Shah, A. Q. (2009). Variation in Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Different Verities of Sunower Seed Oil with The Aid of Multivariate Technique. *Food Chemistry,* 

Multi-element Analysis of Edible Oils by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry. *Anaylytica Chimica Acta*; Vol.537, (January 2005), pp. 271-

Method fort he Determination of Fe, Cu, Zn and Ni in Fat Samples using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. *Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan,* Vol.25,

Metals in Several Oils and Fats. *Grasas y Aceites,* Vol.55, Fasc.2, (September 2003),

Preconcentration, Speciation and Determination of Ultra Trace Amounts of Mercury by Modified Octadecyl Silica Membrane Disk/Electron Beam Irradiation and Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. *Journal of Hazardeous Materials,*

by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. *Analytica Chimica Acta*, Vol.505, (May 2003),

Spectrometry after Lead Piperazinedithiocarbamate Solid-Phase Extraction and Potassium Cyanide Back-Extraction. *Analytical Sciences,* Vol.18, (August 2002), pp.

Cd(II) in Lipid Peroxidation. *Food Chemistry*, Vol.107, (July 2007), pp. 165-168, ISSN

Each technique has some special requirements, advantages and disadvantages according to its basic principle. GF-AAS is a sensitive, proper for direct introduction of oil samples in the form of emulsion and does not require a large amount of sample. FAAS and ICP-MS have a requirement of sample pretreatment, but ICP-MS is more sensitive and expensive when compared with FAAS. There are scarce researches dealing with oil samples related to voltammetric and potentiometric techniques such as Ad-SSWV, dPSA (Abbasi et al., 2009; Cypriano et al., 2008; Dugo et al., 2004; Galeano Diaz et al., 2006; Lo Coco et al., 2003).
