**5. References**


Del Río, J.L.; Serra, P.; Valero, F.; Poch, M. & Sola, C. (1990). Reaction scheme of lipase

Diczfalusy, M.A.; Hellman, U. & Alexon, S.E.H. (1997). Isolation of carboxylester lipase

Dominguez, A.; Deive, F.J.; Sanroman, M.A. & Longo, M.A. (2003). Effect of lipids and

Elibol, M. & Ozer, D. (2000). Lipase production by immobilized *Rhizopus arrhizus*. *Process* 

Eltaweel, M.A.; Rahman, R.N.Z.R.A.; Salleh, A.B. & Basri, M. (2005). An organic solvent-

Fadiloglu, S. & Erkmen, O. (1999). Lipase production by *Rhizopus oryzae* growing on

Fernandes, M.L.M.; Saad, E.B.; Meira, J.A.; Ramos, L.P.; Mitchell, D.A. & Krieger, N. (2007).

Ferrer, P.; Montesinos, J.L.; Valero, F.; Sola, C. (2001) Production of native and recombinant

Gombert, A.K.; Pinto A.L., Castilho, L.R. & Freire, D.M.G. (1999). Lipase production by

Gordillo, M. A.; Obradors, N.; Montesinos, J. L.; Valero, F.; Lafuente, J. & Sola, C. (1995).

Gunstone, F.D. & Qureshi, M.I. (1965). Glyceride studies. Part IV. The component glycerides

Gunstone, F.D.; Hamilton, R. J.; Padley, F.B. & Ilyas-Qureshi, M. (1965). Glyceride studies. V.

*American Oil Chemists Soc*iety, Vol.42, No.11, pp. 965-970, ISSN 0003-021X Hama, S.; Tamalampudi, S.; Fukumizu, T.; Miura, K.; Yamaji, H.; Kondo, A. & Fukuda, H.

*Process Biochemistry*, Vol.35, No.1-2, pp. 85–90, ISSN 0032-9592

*Biochemistry*, Vol.36, No.3, pp. 219-223, ISSN: 0032-9592

Vol.79, N.13, pp. 1936-1938, ISSN 0022-5142

Vol.42, No.11, pp. 961-965, ISSN 0003-021X

No.11, pp. 835–838, ISSN 0141-5492

187-192, ISSN 1590-4261

No.1, pp. 8-13, ISSN 1381-1177

No.3, pp. 221-255, ISSN 0273-2289

pp. 38–41, ISSN 0175-7598

9861

production by *Candida rugosa* growing on olive oil. *Biotechnology Letters,* Vol.12,

(CEL) isoenzymes from *Candida rugosa* and identification of the corresponding genes. *Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics,* Vol. 348, No.1, pp. 1–8*,* ISSN 0003-

surfactants on extracellular lipase production by Yarrowia lipolytica. *Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology*, Vol.78, No.11, pp. 1166-1170, ISSN 0268-2575

stable lipase from Bacillus sp. strain 42. *Annals of Microbiology,* Vol.55, No.3, pp.

different carbon and nitrogen sources. *Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture*,

Esterification and transesterification reactions catalysed by addition of fermented solids to organic reaction media. *Journal of Molecular Catalysis-B Enzym*atic, Vol.44,

lipases by *Candida rugosa* - A review. *Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology*, Vol.95,

*Penicillium restrictum* in solid-state fermentation using babassu oil cake as substrate.

Stability studies and effect of the initial oleic-acid concentration on lipase production by *Candida rugosa*. *Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,* Vol.43, No.1,

of ten seed oils containing linoleic acid. *Journal of the American Oil Chemists Soc*iety,

The distribution of unsaturated acyl groups in vegetable triglycerides. *Journal of the* 

(2006). Lipase localization in *Rhizopus oryzae* cells immobilized within biomass support particles for use as whole-cell biocatalysts in biodiesel-fuel production. *Journal of Bioscoience Bioingineering*, Vol.101, No.4, pp. 328-333, ISSN 1389-1723 Hasan, F.; Shah A.A. & Hameed, A. (2006). Industrial applications of microbial lipases. *Enzyme Microbial Technology*, Vol.39, No.2, pp. 235-251, ISSN: 0141-0229 Hiol, A.; Jonzo, M.D.; Rugani, N.; Druet, D.; Sardo L. & Comeau, L.C. (2000). Purification

and characterization of an extracellular lipase from a thermophilic *Rhizopus oryzae* 


Baron, A.M.; Zago, E.C.; Mitchell, D.A. & Krieger, N. (2011). SPIL: Simultaneous production

Boekema, Bouke K. H. L.; Beselin, A.; Breuer, M.; Hauer, B.; Koster, M.; Rosenau, F.; Jaeger,

Brabcova, J.; Zarevucka, M. & Mackova, M. (2010). Differences in hydrolytic abilities of two

Brozzoli, V.; Crognale, S.; Sampedro, I.; Federici, F.; Annibale. A. & Petruccioli, M. (2009).

Borkar, P.S.; Bodade, R.G.; Rao, S.R. & Khobragade C.N. (2009). Purification and

Burkert, J.F.M., Maugeri, F. & Rodrigues, M.I. (2004). Optimization of extracellular lipase

Cadirci, B.H. & Yasa, I. (2010). An organic solvents tolerant and thermotolerant lipase from

Chahinian, H.; Vanot, G.; Ibrik, A.; Rugani, N.; Sarda L. & Comeau, L.C. (2000). Production

Cihangir, N. & Sarikaya, E. (2004). Investigation of lipase producing by a new isolate of

Colin, V.L.; Baigori, M.D. & Pera, L.M. (2011). Mycelium-bound lipase production from

Corzo, G. & Revah, S. (1999). Production and characteristics of the lipase from *Yarrowia lipolytica* 681. *Bioresource Technol*ogy, Vol.70, No.2, pp. 173-180, ISSN 0960-8524 Dahiya, P.; Arora, P.; Chaudhury, A.; Chand, S & Dilbaghi, N. (2010). Characterization of an

Dalmau, E.; Montesinos, J. L.; Lotti, M., & Casas, C. (2000). Effect of different carbon sources

*Biochemistry*, Vol.64, No.2, pp. 215-222, ISSN 0916-8451

*Microbiology*, Vol. 50, No. 5, pp. 420-426, ISSN 0233-111X

*Biotransformation*, Vol.29, No.1, pp. 19-24, ISSN 1024-2422

*Microbiology*, Vol.73, No.12, pp. 3838-3844, ISSN 0099-2240

ISSN: 0749-503X

8382

3395-3402, ISSN: 0960-8524

No. 1, pp. 77–84, ISSN 0960-8524

3-4, pp. 155-161, ISSN 1381-1177

197, ISSN: 0959-3993

78, ISSN 1381-1177

10, pp. 657–663, ISSN 0141-0229

and immobilization of lipase from *Burkholderia cepacia* LTEB11. *Biocatalysis and* 

K.E. & Tommassen, J. (2007). Hexadecane and tween 80 stimulate lipase production in *Burkholderia glumae* by different mechanisms. *Applied and Environmental* 

crude lipases from Geotrichum candidum 4013. *Yeast*, Vol.27, No.12, pp. 1029-1038,

Assessment of olive-mill wastewater as a growth medium for lipase production by *Candida cylindracea* in bench-top reactor. *Bioresource Technology*, Vol.100, No.13, pp.

characterization of extracellular lipase from a new strain - *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* SRT 9. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 358-366, ISSN 1517-

production by *Geotrichum* sp. using factorial design. *Bioresource Technology,* Vol. 91,

*Pseudomonas fluorescens* P21. *Journal of Molecular Catalysis B-Enzymatic*, Vol. 64, No.

of extracellular lipases by *Penicillium cyclopium*. *Bioscience Biotechnology and* 

*Aspergillus* sp. *World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology*, Vol.20, No.2, pp. 193-

*Aspergillus niger MYA 135*, and its potential applications for the transesterification of ethanol. *Jounal of Basic Microbiology*, Vol.51, No. 3, pp. 236-242, ISSN 0233-111X Cordova, J.; Nemmaoui, M.; Ismaili-Alaoui, M.; Morin, A.; Roussos, S.; Raimbault, M. &

Benjilali, B. (1998). Lipase production by solid state fermentation of olive cake and sugar cane bagasse. *Journal of Molecular Catalysis B-Enzymatic*, Vol.5. No.1-4, pp. 75-

extracellular alkaline lipase from *Pseudomonas mendocina* M-37. *Journal of Basic* 

on lipase production by *Candida rugosa. Enzyme Microbial Technology,* Vol. 26, No.9–


Montesinos, J. L.; Gordillo, M. A.; Valero, F.; Lafuente, J.; Sola, C. & Valdman, B. (1997).

Najjar, A.; Robert, S.; Guerin, C.; Violet-Asther, M. & Carriere, F. (2011). Quantitative study

Nunes, P.A.; Pires-Cabral, P.; Guillen, M.; Valero, F.; Luna, D. & Ferreira-Dias, S. (2011).

Olusesan, A.T.; Azura, L.K.; Abubakar, F.; Mohamed, A.K.S.; Radu, S.; Manap, M.Y.A. &

Papaparaskevas, D.; Christakopoulos, P.; Kekos, D. & Macris, B.J. (1992). Optimizing

Peters, I.I. & Nelson, F.E. (1948). Factors influencing the production of *Mycotorula lipolytica*.

Pignčde, G.; Wang, H.; Fudalej, F.; Gaillardin, C.; Seman, M. & Nicaud, J.M. (2000).

Pokorny, D.; Friedrich, J. & Cimerman, A. (1994). Effect of nutritional factors on lipase

Rodriguez, J.A.; Mateos, J.C.; Nungaray, J.; Gonza´lez, V.; Bhagnagar, T.; Roussos, S.;

Rua, M. L.; Díaz-Maurińo, T.; Fernández, V. M.; Otero, C. & Ballesteros, A. (1993).

*Biochimica et Biophysica Acta,* Vol.1156, No.2, pp. 181–189, ISSN 0006-3002 Salihu, A.; Alam, M.Z.; AbdulKarim, M.I. & Salleh, H.M. (2011). Suitability of using palm oil

*Process Biochemistry*, Vol.41, No.11, pp. 2264–2269, ISSN 1359-5113

*Biotechnology*, Vol.10, No.11, pp. 2044-2052, ISSN: 1684-5315

*Journal of Bacteriol*ogy, Vol.182, No.10, pp. 2802–2810, ISSN 0021-9193 Pokorny, D.; Friedrich, J. & Cimerman, A. (1994). Effect of nutritional factors on lipase

*Applied Microbiology*, Vol. 110, No.5, pp. 1138-1150, ISSN 1364-5072

*Journal of Bacteriology*, Vol.55, No.5, pp. 581-591, ISSN 0021-9193

Vol.14, No.5, pp. 397–402. ISSN 0141-5492

pp. 573–584, ISSN 0006-3592

473-480, ISSN 0003-021X

1656

0141-5492

ISSN 0141-5492

lipase production by *Candida rugosa*. *Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol.* 46, No.6,

Improvement of lipase productivity in bioprocesses using a structured mathematical model *Journal of Biotechnology,* Vol.52, No.3, pp. 207–218, ISSN 0168-

of lipase secretion, extracellular lipolysis, and lipid storage in the yeast *Yarrowia lipolytica* grown in the presence of olive oil: analogies with lipolysis in humus. *Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology*, Vol.89, No.6, pp. 1947-1962, ISSN 0175-7598

Production of MLM-Type structured lipids catalyzed by immobilized heterologous *Rhizopus oryzae* lipase. *Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society*, Vol.88, No.4, pp.

Saari, N. (2011). Enhancement of thermostable lipase production by a genotypically identified extremophilic *Bacillus subtilis* NS 8 in a continuous bioreactor. *Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology*, Vol.20, No.2, pp.105-115, ISSN 1464-1801 Papanikolaou, S.; Dimou, A.; Fakas, S.; Diamantopoulou, P.; Philippoussis, A.; Galiotou-

Panayotou, M. & Aggelis, G. (2011). Biotechnological conversion of waste cooking olive oil into lipid-rich biomass using *Aspergillus* and *Penicillium* strains. *Journal of* 

production of extracellular lipase from Rhodotorula glutinis. *Biotechnology Letters,* 

Characterization of an extracellular lipase encoded by LIP2 in *Yarrowia lipolytica.* 

biosynthesis by *Aspergillus niger*. *Biotechnology Letters*, Vol.16, No.4, pp. 363–6, ISSN

biosynthesis by *Aspergillus niger*. *Biotechnology Letters,* Vol.16, No.4, pp. 363–366.

Cordova, J. & Baratti, J. (2006), Improving lipase production by nutrient source modification using *Rhizopus homothallicus* cultured in solid state fermentation.

Purification and characterization of 2 distinct lipases from *Candida cylindracea*.

mill effluent as a medium for lipase production. *African Journal of* 

strain isolated from palm fruit. *Enzyme Microbiology and Technology*, Vol.26, No.5-6, pp. 421-430, ISSN 0141-0229


Hun, C.J.; Rahman, R.N.Z.A.; Salleh A.B. & Barsi, M. (2003). A newly isolated organic

*Biochemical Engineering Journal*, Vol.15, No.2, pp. 147-151, ISSN 1369-703X Immanuel, G.; Esakkiraj, P.; Jebadhas, A.; Iyapparaj, P. & Palavesam, A. (2008). Investigation

Jaeger, K.E .& Eggert, T. (2002). Lipases for biotechnology. *Current Opinion in Biotechnology,* 

Kumar, S.; Kikon, K.; Upadhyay, A.; Kanear, S.S. & Gupta, R. (2005). Production,

Lakshmi, B.S.; Kangueane, B.; Abraham, B. & Pennatur, G. (1999). Effect of vegetable oils in

Lee, D.W.; Kim, H.W.; Lee, K.W.; Kim, B.C.; Choe, E.A.; Lee, HS; Kim D.S. & Pyun, Y.R.

Li, C.Y.; Cheng, C.Y. & Chen, T.L. (2004). Fed-batch production of lipase by *Acinetobacter* 

Li, D.; Wang, B. &Tan, T. (2006). Production enhancement of *Rhizopus arrhizus* lipase by

Lima, V.M.G.; Krieger, N.; Sarquis, M.I.M.; David, D.; Mitchell, D.A.; Ramos L.P. & Fontana,

Linko,Y. Y. & Wu, X. Y. (1996). Biocatalytic production of useful esters by two forms of

Lotti, M.; Monticelli, S.; Montesinos, J. L.; Brocca, S.; Valero, F. & Lafuente, J. (1998).

Montesinos, J.L.; Obradors, N.; Gordillo, M.A.; Valero, F.; Lafuente, J. & Sola, C. (1996).

Montesinos, J.L.; Lafuente, J.; Gordillo, M.A.; Valero, F.; Sola, C.; Charbonnier, S. & Cheruy,

*Chemistry and Physics Lipids,* Vol.93, No.1-2, pp. 143–148*,* ISSN 0009-3084 Martinelle, M. & Hult, K. (1995) Kinetics of acyl transfer reactions in organic media

*Microbial Technology*, Vol.29, No.6-7, pp. 363-371, ISSN 0141-0229

*Biotechnology,* Vol.46, No.1, pp. 60–65, ISSN 1330-9862

*Microbiology*, Vol. 29, No.1, pp. 66–70, ISSN 0266-8254

Vol.13, No.4, pp. 390-397, ISSN 0958-1669

Vol.19, No.1, pp. 25-31, ISSN 1369-703X

No.2, pp. 163–170, ISSN 0268-2575

pp. 191-197, ISSN 0167-4838

0273-2289

pp. 421-430, ISSN 0141-0229

ISSN 1046-5928

43, ISSN 1381-1177

110, ISSN 1330-9862

strain isolated from palm fruit. *Enzyme Microbiology and Technology*, Vol.26, No.5-6,

solvent tolerant *Bacillus sphaericus* 205y producing organic solvent-stable lipase.

of lipase production by milk isolate *Serratia rubidaea*. *Food Technology and* 

purification and characterisation of lipase from thermophilic and alkaliphilic *Bacillus coagulans* BTS-3. *Protein Expression and Purification*, Vol.41, No.1, pp. 38-44,

the secretion of lipase from *Candida rugosa* (DSM 2031). *Letters in Applied* 

(2001). Purification and characterization oft wo distinct termostable lipases from the gram-positive theromphilic bacterium *Bacillus thermoleovorants* ID-1. *Enzyme* 

*radioresistens* using Tween 80 as carbon source. *Biochemical Engineering Journal*,

feeding oleic acid. *Journal of Molecular Catalysis B*-*Enzymatic,*, Vol.43, No.1-4, pp. 40-

J.D. (2003). Effect of nitrogen and carbon sources on lipase production by *Penicillium aurantiogriseum*. *Food Technology and Biotechnology*, Vol.41, No.2, pp. 105-

lipase from *Candida rugosa*. *Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology,* Vol.65,

Physiological control on the expression and secretion of *Candida rugosa* lipase*.* 

catalysed by *Candida antartica* lipase B. *Biochimica et Biophysica Acta,* Vol.1251, No.2,

Effect of nitrogen sources in batch and continuous cultures to lipase production by *Candida rugosa. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology,* Vol.59, No.1, pp. 25–37, ISSN

A. (1995). Structured modeling and state esti,mation in a fermentation process-

lipase production by *Candida rugosa*. *Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol.* 46, No.6, pp. 573–584, ISSN 0006-3592


**26** 

*Israel*

**Olive Oil-Based Delivery of** 

*Ariel University Center of Samaria, Ariel,* 

*Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan,* 

**Photosensitizers for Bacterial Eradication** 

Faina Nakonechny1,2, Yeshayahu Nitzan2 and Marina Nisnevitch1

Olive oil is a natural product of *Olea europaea*. It contains triacylglycerols of unsaturated and saturated fatty acids as well as free acids and numerous other biologically active components. Modern pharmaceutical industries are turning to natural herbal sources in order to find effective, low allergenic and non-irritating components that can be used in drug delivery systems or as recipients for both hydrophobic and hydrophilic active agents. Combining hydrophobic compounds with olive oil components is not problematic at all. However, this is quite different for hydrophilic compounds. One possible way for overcoming this problem is by mechanochemical treatment. This method has become widespread for preparing powdered solid materials in a large variety of compositions and involves the use of a conventional high-energy ball mill to initiate chemical reactions and structural changes of materials in solid-phase processes. Mechanochemical activation appears to be an environmentally friendly method, since it does not require organic solvents (Grigorieva et al., 2004; Margetić, 2005; Lugovskoy et al., 2008; Lugovskoy et al., 2009). It was shown that the mechanochemical method enabled some olive oil components to covalently attach to talc or to titanium dioxide - the solid ingredients of creams, ointments and powders (Nisnevitch et al., 2011). The remaining components were deeply absorbed by solid phases. New solid-phase composite materials which combined useful properties of various components with a different nature were thus created. Talc combined with olive oil exhibited good antioxidant properties scavenging ca. 40% of free radicals. Olive oil phenols with one or two hydroxyl groups, such as hydroxytyrosol, caffeic acid, photocatechuic acid, syringic acid, derivatives of elenolic acid, derivatives of oleuropein, tyrosol and some others are among the olive oil components responsible for its *in vitro* antioxidative activity (Papadopoulos & Boskou 1991; Briante et al., 2001; Lesage-Meessen et al., 2001; Tovar et al., 2001; Vissers et al., 2004). These compounds retain their antioxidant properties when combined with talc by a mechanochemical method. Furthermore, the possibility of combining water-soluble ascorbic acid (vitamin C) with olive oil on a talc or titanium dioxide support using mechanochemical activation has been reported (Nisnevitch et al., 2011). These triple mixtures (support-olive oil-ascorbic acid) scavenged free radicals instantly and totally due to the presence of ascorbic acid, which is a well-known effective

**1. Introduction** 

*1Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Materials,* 

*2The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences,* 

