**8. References**


high efficiency in the eradication of Gram-positive *Staphylococcus aureus* and *Staphylococcus epidermidis* bacteria. The effectiveness of the antimicrobial agents was concentration-

Application of olive oil-containing liposomes for drug delivery can change their perception as having a passive role of lipid-based excipients, converting them into a new generation of active and supporting drug carriers, supplying natural bioactive components for post-

This research was supported by the Research Authority of the Ariel University Center of

Baron, S. (1996). *Medical Microbiology. 4th edition*, University of Texas Medical Branch, ISBN

Beaulac, C.; Clément, S. (major); Hawari, J. & Lagacé, J. (1996). Eradication of mucoid

Beaulac, C.; Sachetelli, S. & Lagace, J. (1998). In-vitro bactericidal efficacy of sub-MIC

Bombelli, C.; Bordi, F.; Ferro, S. ; Giansanti, L.; Jori, G.; Mancini, G. et al. (2008). New

therapy of infectious diseases. *Molecular Pharmaceutics*, Vol 5 ,pp. 672–679 Boskou, D.; Blekas, G. & Tsimidou, M.Z. (2006a). Olive oil composition. In: *Olive Oil,* 

Boskou, D.; Tsimidoum M.Z. & Blekas, G. (2006b). Polar phenolic compounds. In: *Olive Oil,* 

Boskou, D. (2009a). Phenolic compounds in olives and olive oil. In: *Olive Oil: Minor* 

Boskou, D. (2009b). Other important minor constituents. In: *Olive Oil: Minor Constituents and Health*, D. Boskou, (Ed), 45-54, CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-4200-5993-9, Boca Raton, Fl Cathcart, R.F. 3rd. (1985). Vitamin C: the nontoxic, nonrate-limited, antioxidant free radical

Charman, S.A.; Charman, W.N.; Rogge, M.C.; Wilson, T.D.; Dutko, F.J. & Pouton, C.W. (1992).

*Pseudomonas aeruginosa* with fluid liposome-encapsulated tobramycin in an animal model of chronic pulmonary infection. *Antimicrobial Agents and chemotherapy,* 

concentrations of liposome- encapsulated antibiotic against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. *Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy*, Vol.41, pp. 35-41 Bisignano, G.; Lagana, M.G.; Trombetta, D.; Arena, S.; Nostro, A.; Uccella, N. et al. (2001). In

vitro antibacterial activity of some aliphatic aldehydes from *Olea europaea* L. *FEMS* 

cationic liposomes as vehicles of *m*-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin in photodynamic

*Chemistry and Tehnology*, D. Boskou, (Ed.), 41-72, 2nd Edition, AOCS Press, ISBN

*Chemistry and Tehnology*, D. Boskou, (Ed.), 73-92, 2nd Edition, AOCS Press, ISBN

*Constituents and Health*, D. Boskou, (Ed.), 11-44, CRC Press, ISBN 978-1-4200-5993-

Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems: formulation and biopharmaceutic evaluation of an investigational lipophilic compound. *Pharm Res. Jan*, Vol.9, No.1, pp. 87-93

We acknowledge graphical and design assistance of Ms. Julia Nakonechny.

978-0-963117-21-2, Galveston,TX

*Microbiology Letters*, Vol.198, pp. 9-13

978-1-893997-88-2, Boca Raton, Fl

978-1-893997-88-2, Boca Raton, Fl

scavenger. *Med Hypotheses,* Vol.18, pp. 61-77

9, Boca Raton, Fl

Vol*.*40, pp. 665–669

sensitive and depended on the initial concentration of the bacteria.

treatment recovery of skin.

**7. Acknowledgment** 

Samaria, Israel.

**8. References** 


Olive Oil-Based Delivery of Photosensitizers for Bacterial Eradication 491

Maragakis, L.L.; Perencevich, E.N. & Cosgrove, S.E. (2008). Clinical and economic burden of antimicrobial resistance. *ExpertRev. Anti Infect. Ther.*, Vol.6, pp. 751–763 Margetić, D. (2005). Mehanokemijske organske bez koristenja otapala. *Kemija u industriji* 

Medina, E.; Romero, C.; Brenes, M. & De Castro, A. (2007). Antimicrobial activity of olive oil,

Meisel, P.; & Kocher, T. (2005). Photodynamic therapy for periodontal diseases: State of the

Minnock, A.; Vernon, DI.; Schofield, J.; Griffiths, J.; Parish, JH. & Brown, SB. (2000). Mechanism

membrane of *Escherichia coli*. *Antimicrob. Agents Chemother*, Vol44, pp. 522-527 Moellering, R.C.Jr.; Graybill, J.R.; McGowan J.E.Jr. & Corey, L. (2007). Antimicrobial

Mugabe, C.; Halwani, M.; Azghani, A.O.; Lafrenie, R.M. & Omri, A. (2006). Mechanism of

Nakonechny, F.; Nisnevitch, M.; Nitzan, Y. & Firer, M. (2011). New techniques in antimicrobial

New R.R.C. (1994). Influence of liposome characteristics on their properties and fate. In:

Nichols, D.S. & Sanderson, K. (2002). The nomenclatiure, structure and properties o food

Nisnevitch, M.; Lugovskoy, S.; Gabidulin, E. & Shestak, O. (2011). Mechanochemical

(Ed.), 569-580, Nova Science Publishers Inc, ISBN 9781617286537, NY, USA Nisnevitch, M.; Nakonechny, F. & Nitzan, Y. (2010). Photodynamic antimicrobial

Nitzan, Y. & Pechatnikov, I. (2011). Approaches to kill gram-negative bacteria by

Nitzan, Y.; Gutterman, M.; Malik, Z. & Ehrenberg B. (1992). Inactivation of Gram-negative bacteria by photosensitized porphyrins. *Photochem. Photobiol*., Vol.55, pp.89-96 O'Riordan K., Akilov, O.E. & Hasan, T. (2005). The potential for photodynamic therapy in the treatment of localized infections. *Photodiag. Photodynamic Therapy,* Vol. 2, pp. 247-262

art. *J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biology*, Vol.79, pp. 159–170

resistance. *Am J Infect Control*, Vol.35, pp. S1-S23

bacteria. *Photochem Photobiol.,* Vol.86, pp.1350-1355

FORMATEX, ISBN 978-84-611-9421-6, Badajoz, Spain, in press

20, CRC Press Inc., ISBN 0-8493-4569-3, Boca Raton, USA

*Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry,* Vol.36, pp. 363-369

NewYork, Washington, D.C.

Chemistry, ISBN 978-1-84973-144-7

vinegar, and various beverages against foodborne pathogens. *J Food Prot.,* Vol.70,

of uptake of cationioc water-soluble pyridium zinc phthalocynaine across the outer

resistance prevention initiative—an update: Proceedings of an expert panel on

enhanced activity of liposome-entrapped aminoglycosides against resistant strains of *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*. *Antimicrob. Agents Chemother,* Vol.50, pp. 2016-2022 Nakonechny, F.; Firer, M.A.; Nitzan, Y.& Nisnevitch, M. (2010). Intracellular antimicrobial

photodynamic therapy: a novel technique for efficient eradication of pathogenic

photodynamic therapy: scope of application and overcoming drug resistance in nosocomial infections. In: *Science against microbial pathogens: communicating current research and technological advances,* Microbioloby Book Series, A. Méndez-Vilas, (Ed.),

*Liposomes as tools in basic research and industry*, J.R. Philippol & F. Schuber, (Ed.), 3-

lipids, In: *Chemical and Functional Properties of Food Lipids,* Z.E. Sikorski & A.Kolakowska, (Ed.), 18-47, CRC Press, ISBN 9781587161056, BocaRaton, London,

production of olive oil based composites, In: *Olive Oil and Health*, J.D. Corrigan,

chemotherapy by liposome-encapsulated water-soluble photosensitizers. *Russian* 

photosensitized process. In: *Photodynamic inactivation of microbial pathogens: medical and environmental applications,* M.R. Hamblin, (Ed.), 47-67, Royal Society of

*(Zagreb)*, Vol.54, pp. 351-358.

pp. 1194-1199

delivery systems (SMEDDS) containing structured triacylglycerols. *Eur J Pharm Sci.*, Vol.20, No.1, pp. 91-97


Holm, R.; Porter, C.J.; Müllertz, A.; Kristensen, H.G. & Charman, W.N. (2002). Structured

http://www.northernlipids.com/products/documents/List%20of%20Lipids%202007.pdf

http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/etc/medialib/docs/Sigma/Product\_Information\_Sheet/1/

http://avantilipids.com/index.php?option=com\_content&view=article&id=216&Itemid=20

Kahl, L.P.; Scott, C.A.; Lelchuk, R.; Gregoriadis, G. & Liew, F.Y. (1989). Vaccination against

Kampa, M.; Pelekanou, V.; Notas, G. & Castanas, E. (2009) Olive oil phenols, basic cell

Kent, C. & Carman, G. M. (1999). Interactions among pathways for phosphatidylcholine

Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, U.; Berger, C. & Inzinger, R. (2008). The effect of daily treatment with

Koidis, A. & Boskou, D. (2006). The contents of proteins and phospholipids in cloudy (veiled) virgin olive oils. *Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol.,* Vol.108, pp. 323–328 Kubo, A.; Lunde, C.S. & Kubo I. (1995). Antimicrobial activity of the olive oil flavor

Land, L.M.; Li, P. & Bummer, P.M. (2005). The influence of water content of triacylglycerol oils on the solubility of steroids. *Pharm Res*., Vol.22, No.5, pp. 784-788 Lesage-Meessen, L.; Navarro, S.; Maunier, D.; Sigoillot, J.C.; Lorquin, J.; Delattre, M. et al.

Lugovskoy, S.; Nisnevitch, M.; Lugovskoy, A. & Zinigrad, M. (2009). Mechanochemical

Lugovskoy, S.; Nisnevitch, M.; Zinigrad, M & Wolf, D. (2008). Mechanochemical synthesis of

Macdonald, I. & Dougherty, T. (2001). Basic principles of photodynamic therapy. *J.* 

Maisch, T.; Szeimies, R.-M.; Jori, G. & Abels*,* Ch. (2004). Antibacterial photodynamic therapy

Malik, R.; Manocha, A. & Suresh, D.K. (2010). Photodynamic therapy - a strategic review.

(Ed.), 129-172, CRC Press, ISBN:978-1-4200-5993-9, Boca Raton, Fl

controlled trial. *Pediatr Dermatol*, Vol.25, No.2, pp. 174-178

compounds. *J. Agric. Food Chem*., Vol.43, pp. 1629–1633

active species. *Clean Techn Environ Policy*, Vol.11, pp. 277-282

in dermatology. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci ., Vol.3, pp. 907 – 917

murine cutaneous leishmaniasis by using Leishmania major antigen/liposomes. Optimization and assessment of the requirement for intravenous immunization. *J.* 

mechanisms and cancer. In: *Olive Oil: Minor Constituents and Health*, D. Boskou,

metabolism, CTP synthesis and secretion through the Golgi apparatus. *Trends in* 

an olive oil/lanolin emollient on skin integrity in preterm infants: a randomized

(2001). Simple phenolic content in olive oil residues as a function of extraction

synthesis of dispersed layer composites on the basis of talc and a series of biological

salicylic acid—formaldehyde chelating co-polymer. *Clean Techn Environ Policy*,

http://www.oliveoilsource.com/page/chemical-characteristics

p2772pis.Par.0001.File.tmp/p2772pis.pdf

*Biochemical Sciences*, Vol.24, No4, pp. 146-150

systems. *Food Chemistry*, Vol.75, pp. 501-507

*Porphyrins Phthalocyanines*, Vol.5, pp. 105-129

*Indian J of Dental Research*, Vol.21, pp. 285-291

Vol.10, pp. 279–285

Vol.20, No.1, pp. 91-97

6&catnumber=850355

*Immunol.*, Vol.142, pp. 4441-4449

pp. 1354-1361

delivery systems (SMEDDS) containing structured triacylglycerols. *Eur J Pharm Sci.*,

triacylglycerol vehicles for oral delivery of halofantrine: examination of intestinal lymphatic transport and bioavailability in conscious rats. *Pharm Res*., Vol.19, No. 9,


**Part 5** 

**Regional Studies** 


**Part 5** 

**Regional Studies** 

492 Olive Oil – Constituents, Quality, Health Properties and Bioconversions

Papadopoulos, G. & Boskou, D. (1991). Antioxidant effect of natural phenols on olive oil.

Patterson, J.E. (2006). Multidrug-resistant gram-negative pathogens: multiple approaches and measures for prevention. *Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol.*, Vol.27, pp. 889-892 Randie, H.; Kim, Ph.D.; April, W. & Armstrong M.D. (2011). Current state of acne treatment:

Reddy, V.N., Rani, K.R.; Chandana, G. & Sehrawat, S. (2009). Photodynamic therapy. *Indian* 

Robinson, A.; Bannister, M.; Creeth, J. & Jones, M. (2001). The interaction of phospholipid

*Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering*, Vol.186, pp. 43-53 Rosenblatt, K.M. & Bunjes, H. (2009). Poly(vinyl alcohol) as emulsifier stabilizes solid

Sachetelli, S.; Khalil, H.; Chen, T.; Beaulac, C.; Senechal, S. & Lagace J. (2000).

Storm, G. & Crommelin, D.J.A. (1998). Liposomes: quo vadis? *Pharmaceutical Science &* 

Ternes, W. (2002). Egg lipids, In: *Chemical and Functional Properties of Food Lipids,* Z.E.

Tovar, M.J.; Motilva, M.J. & Paz Romero, M. (2001). Changes in the phenolic composition of

Tsai, T.; Yang, Y.T.; Wang, T-H.; Chien, H-F. & Chen, C-T. (2009). Improved photodynamic

liposomes and micelles. *Lasers in Surgery and Medicine*, Vol.41, pp. 316–322 Verma, D.D.; Verma, S.; Blume, G. & Fahr, A. (2003). Liposomes increase skin penetration of

Vissers, M. N.; Zock, P. L. & Katan M. B. (2004). Bioavailability and antioxidant effects of

Wainwright, M. (1998). Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT), *Journal of* 

Wasan, K.M. (2007). *Role of Lipid Excipients in Modifying Oral and Parenteral Drug Delivery*, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., ISBN 9780471739524, Hoboken, New Jersey, US

highlighting lasers, photodynamic therapy and chemical peels. *Dermatology Online* 

liposomes with mixed bacterial biofilms and their use in the delivery of bactericide.

triacylglycerol drug carrier nanoparticles in the alpha-modification. *Mol Pharm*.;

Demonstration of a fusion mechanism between a fluid bactericidal liposomal formulation and bacterial cells. *Biochimica et Biophysica Acta*, Vol.1463, pp. 254-266 Schlupp, P.; Blaschke, T.; Kramer, K.D.; Höltje, H-D.; Mehnert, W. & Schäfer-Korting, M.

(2011). Drug Release and Skin Penetration from Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and a Base Cream: A Systematic Approach from a Comparison of Three Glucocorticoids.

Sikorski & A.Kolakowska, (Ed.), 270-292, CRC Press, ISBN: 9781587161056,

virgin olive oil from young trees (Olea europaea L. cv. Arbequina) grown under linear irrigation strategies. *Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry*, Vol.49, pp. 5502-5508 Trofimov V.I. & Nisnevich M.M. (1990). Production of sterile drug-containing liposomes and

control over their properties. *Vestnik Akademil Meditsinskikh Nauk SSSR*, Vol.6, pp. 28-32

inactivation of Gram-positive bacteria using hematoporphyrin encapsulated in

entrapped and non-entrapped hydrophilic substances into human skin: a skin penetration and confocal laser scanning microscopy study. *Eur J Pharm Biopharm.*,

olive oil phenols in humans: a review. *European Journal of Clinical Nutrition*, Vol.58,

*Journal of the American Oil Chemists Society*, Vol.68, pp. 669-671

http://dermatology.cdlib.org/1703/2\_reviews/2\_11-00063/article.html

*Journal,* Vol.17, No.2. Available on:

Vol.6, No.1, pp. 105-120

*J of Dental Advancements*, Vol.1, pp. 46-50

*Skin Pharmacol Physiol*, Vol.24, pp. 199-209

BocaRaton, London, NewYork, Washington,D.C.

*Antimicrobial Chemotherapy*, Vol.42, pp. 13–28

*Technology Today*, Vol.1, pp. 19-31

Vol.55, No3, pp. 271-277

pp.955-965

**27** 

*1,2Albania 3Germany* 

Ana Mane Kapaj1 and Ilir Kapaj2,3

*Department of Economy and Agrarian Policy Tirana,* 

*Department of Agribusiness Management Tirana,* 

*Computer Applications in Agriculture, Stuttgart,* 

**Olive Oil Sector in Albania and Its Perspective** 

Albania, situated on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea, may be divided into two major regions: a mountainous highland region (north, east, and south) constituting 70% of the land area, and a western coastal lowland region that contains nearly all of the country's agricultural lands and is the most densely populated part of Albania. Due to the mountains landscape and especially because of its many divisions, the climate varies from region to region. It is warmer in the western part of the country which is affected by the warm air masses from the sea (the Adriatic costal region has a typical Mediterranean climate). This

The transition of Albanian economy from a centrally planned to a market economy is associated with the implementation of a considerable number of structural and institutional reforms necessary for a sustainable market economy. Trade liberalization policies were implemented associated with elimination of price controls as the economy was

Despite the progress made, especially in terms of macroeconomic and financial stability, Albania continues to have one of the lowest levels of income per capita in. In addition, there is a big income gap between rural and urban areas, since the agricultural sector comprise about 58% of total labour force and count for 25% of Albania Gross Domestic Product (INSTAT, 2010). Albania's economic growth can be achieved primarily through strengthening the agricultural sector. The current macroeconomic situation along with the climatic, geographic, and cultural advantages as comparable to neighbouring countries provide the opportunity for a fast and sustainable growth of the agricultural sector. Even though the olive production does not take a large share in the total agricultural production, it is an industry with huge potentials that has been steadily growing during the years.

Like many of the other agricultural products, the major supply of oil (vegetable and olive) in Albania comes from imports. This is because of the inconsistent and unreliable supply of

climate makes Albania an important producer of olives and olive oil for the region.

decentralized to balance the supply and demand of goods and services.

**1. Introduction** 

*1Agriculture University of Tirana, Faculty of Economy and Agribusiness,* 

*2Agriculture University of Tirana, Faculty of Economy and Agribusiness,* 

*3Hohenheim University, Institute of Agribusiness Management and* 
