**Abbreviations**


Available results reported that the effect of nanoparticles on the flow boiling HTC is

*Exponential relations between the friction factor and the Reynolds number. Example 1: in the case of study characteristics of fluid flow and heat transfer, nanofluid is widely utilized in numerous industrial applications such as boiler tubes, evaporators, and cooling of reactors in a nuclear power plant. The main parameters that*

*directly influence on the heat transfer performance are listed as follows [45].*

*Inverse Heat Conduction and Heat Exchangers*

Their work shows how the nanofluids can achieve high heat flux with small temperature differences throughout the boiling process, which modify the critical heat flux [48]. All article reviewers said that nanofluids is a complicated phenomenon and it is not fully understood from mechanism of boiling heat transfer and twophase flow. Collected studies show enhancement in CHF, and its improvement could achieve more than 50% [49]. HTC behavior could increase or decrease during flow boiling and pool, and it depends on several parameters related to surface texture on thermophysical properties [50]. Wang et al. shows the mechanism of depositing nanoparticles on the heating surface and creating the porous layer as shown in **Figure 3**. The results show that the CHF of flow boiling is enhanced up to 18% as compared to conventional fluid. This enhancement increases with increasing some parameters, for example, the pressure system and the channel diameter [45]. Example 2: in the case of study fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics using

nanofluid in a single-phase turbulent flow by using helically corrugated tubes, pitch-to-diameter ratio (P/DH = 0.18, 0.22 and 0.27) and rib-height-to-diameter

conflicting, but the CHF could enhance on 50%. During the boiling process, parameters such as flow pattern and pressure drop were affected by the deposition of nanoparticles [46]. Authors concluded that using nanofluids might intensify the

boiling HT and CHF, depending on many parameters related to additives,

nanoparticles, geometry concentration, and fluid properties [47].

*Illustration of the mechanism of flow boiling CHF using nanofluid introduced.*

**Figure 2.**

**Figure 3.**

**156**


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