**11.1 Investigation and application**

*Inverse Heat Conduction and Heat Exchangers*

**8.5 Systems based on thermosyphon**

**9. Heat transfer: general applications**

method [105].

**10. Insolation**

**10.1 Solar radiation**

**10.2 Solar air heater**

**10.3 Solar water heaters**

Thermosyphons found applications in a variety of heat transfer complications

The relationship between the parameters of a fluidized bed and the heat transfer

Multiple papers investigated the thermohydraulics of the cooling flow in nuclear reactors. A model was developed to study heat flux for low flow rates [106]. Interwrapper flow was studied, and its effects were analyzed numerically [107]. In the case of ceramic-coated turbine blades, the heat transfer coefficient does not significantly affect metal temperatures when thermal radiation is in the picture.

Various perspectives to evaluate solar data using modified modeling have been conducted by researchers. A new correlation between sunshine duration and radiation on the surface of the earth has been derived by Suehrcke [108]. It was found that the correlation is very well established for average value. A correction factor was proposed by Muneer [109] for calibrating the shadow band pyranometer. A model was using upper air humidity to estimate global solar radiation [110].

Numerical solutions were also developed for absorbers in a porous medium, Nusselt number and Reynolds-Rayleigh number correlations for natural convection in an open-ended rectangular channel and models for solar air heater with fins

Novelties in the design of solar water heating application are presented in this subsection. Fourier transform technique has been used to estimate the heat transfer and efficiency of a flat solar plate collector [112]. Double-sided flat plate collector was used to experimentally investigate the reduction in heat losses in comparison to conventional solar collector [113]. An experimental investigation on ICS solar water heart with compound parabolic concentrating integral collector storage system was designed and tested [114]. A 2D concentrator was developed aiming to store solar

[111]. Collector efficiency was predicted in a simplified manner.

to a body engulf in it [101]. The SIMPLE algorithm [102] was used to simulate a blast furnace, and a relationship has been developed for the heat transfer coefficients on extension walls and hydrowalls of the boilers [103]. A porous radiant recirculated burner (PRRB) concept is developed to reduce losses due to open-flame combustion [104]. Leong studied the effect of latent heat of fusion on thin plates and numerical analysis of temperature change in biscuits using Monte Carlo (MC)

such as space radiators and cooling of structures, solar water heaters, nuclear reactors and system based on geothermal energy, evaporators, preheaters, tiny heat

pipes used to cool PC, laptops, and other electronic components [97–100].

**12**

energy [115].

In this section, heat transfer in thermal plasma reactor for nanoparticle synthesis has been investigated through different models [116]. A 3D model of heat transfer in thermal plasma system has been developed to show 3D effect of carrier gas [117]; effects of nucleation temperature were investigated by radio frequency; 2D numerical simulation was developed to show flow and heat transfer in argon gas plasma, temperature gradient, velocity, and concentration to study the nitridation of MoSi2 which was carried in thermal plasma reactor; and numerical simulation model was developed to show the effect of radial injection of gas (with and without swirl) on flow and temperature field [118]. Plasma induced between two electrodes with and without swirl has been investigated for heat transfer with fluid flow [119].
