**4.2 Boundary conditions**

The thermo-fluid process in the current simulated was solved as steady, incompressible, and 3D flow. The following was adopted to set the boundary conditions for the simulation:


$$T.I. = 0.16 \, Re\_{D\_p}^{-0.125} \tag{20}$$

Other flow quantities are extrapolated from the interior domain by the solver in Fluent software. The SIMPLE (Semi-Implicit Pressure Linked Equations) algorithm were chosen as solver method. In addition, a convergence criterion of 10�<sup>5</sup> was used for energy and mass conservation of the calculated parameters.
