Section 1 Plant Phenology

**Chapter 1**

*Feyza Candan*

**Abstract**

Plant Phenology and An

Assessment of the Effects

Regarding Heavy Metals,

Nanoparticles, and Nanotubes on

Plant Development: Runner Bean,

Artichoke, and Chickpea Seedlings

The relationship between environmental pollution and nutrition in particular, which forms the basis of health, is fundamentally important for protecting human health. Therefore, the data obtained from the examination of how plants and animals consumed as food are affected by environmental pollution can be seen as an indicator of their effects on humans. On the other hand, the role of technology and nanotechnology in life has been increasing in this century, and a considerable amount of heavy metals, nanoparticles (NPs), and nanotubes (NTs) are released to the environment. The results of morphological or anatomical examination of runner bean (*Phaseolus coccineus* L) and artichoke (*Cynara scolymus* L.) plants subjected to copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) heavy metals and chickpea (*Cicer arietinum* L) plants subjected to Au nanoparticles and C70 single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are presented with this study in the point of their phenological development process. The three taxa belonging to Fabaceae and Asteraceae families with high economic status and having flowers with characteristic features were chosen deliberately as representatives. This chapter presents a study that will shed light on future

biomonitoring-based studies focusing on the impact of environmental pollution on

(*Phaseolus coccineus* L), artichoke (*Cynara scolymus* L), chickpea (*Cicer arietinum* L),

It is a known fact that environmental pollution constitutes an important problem in Turkey as well as in the rest of the world. Rapid industrialization and population growth have caused pollution in the atmosphere, pedosphere, and hydrosphere.

**Keywords:** heavy metal, nanoparticle, nanotube, runner bean

plants phenology with economic value.

morphology, anatomy

**1. Introduction**

**3**
