**3. Materials and methods**

Fabaceae family to which runner bean and chickpea plants belong and Asteraceae family to which artichoke belongs were selected as the study material. Both of them are families with large numbers of economically important plants in Turkey as well as in the rest of the world. The flowers of the Fabaceae family are zygomorphic in shape and have legume and lomentum fruit. There are many flowers lined up on the flower tray (receptaculum) and head (capitulum) formed by the bracts surrounding these flowers, and there are achene type fruits in the Asteraceae family [43–46].

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of copper and lead heavy metals on runner bean (*Phaseolus coccineus*) and artichoke (*Cynara scolymus*) seedlings. In addition, the effects of Au nanoparticles and C70 single-walled carbon nanotubes on chickpea (*Cicer arietinum*) seedlings were investigated morphologically. The tolerability of heavy metal and nanoparticle effects by these plants, the cultivation in heavy metal or nanoparticle-contaminated areas, the morphological and anatomical reflections of the changes in genomes, and to which extent the plant's general structure are preserved compared to controls were evaluated in this way.
