**3.5 New offshore subsea technology solution for shelf development**

Along with expert evaluation of above-water and above-ice technologies, the feasibility studies and assessment of basic features of subsea systems, including issues of energy security, were carried out. This analysis is made by the community of the specialized sea organizations: RNTs "Kurchatov institute" and Institute of machine science named after A.A. Blagonravov RAS (Moscow) with participation of the National laboratory Sandia (USA).

As a solution acceptable from the economical and technical point of view of above task is related to the transition to the system of underwater and under-ice technology of exploration, production, treatment and transportation of hydrocarbons (oil and liquefied natural gas—LNG (**Figure 22**) that so far is not available. Higher price of such underwater and under-ice system is compensated by the reduction of the subsequent costs required to provide safety and physical protection. Estimates show that the possible losses caused by technogenic accidents of above-water natural threats and terrorist impacts on the objects of a underwater technologies complex is 10 times less, than from impact of similar risk factors for traditional above-water technologies. The appraisals done by the specialized organizations show the technical capability of Russia to develop for the Arctic shelf the underwater and under-ice atomic technologies (**Figure 22**).

Calculations done with taking into account information from clause 2 make it possible to obtain the risks values for both traditional (on-land and above-water sea) technologies and for new (underwater) technologies. The following risks'

**Figure 21.**

*Use of frictional pendulum bearings (sliding supports) on sea oil platforms installed in the top part of four concrete jacks. a) PA-B Platform; b) Lun-A Platform.*

As the displacements caused by an earthquake initially occur in bearings that are seismic-insulators, the side loadings and vibration motions transferred to a con-

*) of the oil and gas platform components when pendulum bearings are used*

**Platform component а b** Deck 0.24 0.73 Deck, level (+)27 m 0.31 0.65 Deck, level (+)38 m 0.25 0.74 Deck, level (+)47 m 0.31 0.84 Flare unit 2.00 4.37 Drilling module 0.61 1.22 Crane on the North side 0.82 1.74 Crane on the South side 1.46 2.27

In **Table 4**, the mean peak accelerations are presented, influencing, at designed earthquake, on the components of the oil and gas platform Lun-A for cases when

Accelerations drop is at 1.5–3 times that leads to significant reduction of wear of

Development of oil and gas fields, as a rule, is carried out in the seismically active areas (their activity reaches magnitude 8–9 on 1–9 scale), and this is one of the main difficulties to be overcome in the process of such developments execution. Sea platforms "Lun–А" and "PA-B" of the Sakhalin-II project are installed on the shelf of the Sakhalin Island in 2007. The weight of the gravity based structure is: for the"Lun–А" platform—103 thousand tons and for the "PA-B" platform—106 thousand tons. The weight of the topsides of "Lun–А" is 28 thousand tons and of "PA-B"—34 thousand tons. Service life of sea platforms "Lun–А" and "PA-B" is 30 years. Their design shall provide operation of equipment without damages and failures and resist loads occurred in the process of earthquake with probable repeatability once in 200 years and keep running without serious damages after impact upon

For the first time in world practice on "Sakhalin-II" project were installed frictional pendulum sliding supports (**Figure 21**) to provide seismic insulation between

Such FPB previously were used for construction of highways, bridges and air-

Four bearings—seismic insulators installed in the catwalk of four concrete supports provide damping of extreme horizontal loadings due to isolation of the topside buildings from the most destructive pushes and due to reduction of loads on the topside buildings caused by impact of daily temperature changes, pressure of ice

Comprehensive on-line diagnostics and monitoring of sophisticated constructive

**3.4 Comprehensive on-line diagnostics, monitoring and the automated**

components of SP equipment as per strength criteria, in-service life and crack resistance takes on greater and greater importance in the course of studies and

friction pendulum bearings are in use and are not in use.

such seldom earthquake that may occur once in 3000 years.

sea platform concrete gravity based structure and topside.

ports never before they were used in sea platforms.

and waves.

**110**

**protection**

bearings and the antifriction self-lubricant film.

struction drop significantly.

*Average side accelerations д(m/sec<sup>2</sup>*

*Probability, Combinatorics and Control*

*(a) and without such bearings (b).*

**Table 4.**

#### **Figure 22.**

*Scheme of under-water and under-ice technological complex: 1—ice coverage on the sea surface; 2—underwater LNG carrier or tanker; 3—subsea oil and LNG tank; 4—subsea natural gas liquefaction and oil unit; 5—Field processing unit; 6—subsea power generation unit; 7—subsea condensate storage facility; 8—subsea condensate carrier; 9—LNG terminal; and 10—subsea well.*

These risks have to be considered at stage of economic assessment of all newly

The person (operator) or an automatic system, when conducting diagnostics and monitoring (**Figure 23**), closely follow change of parameters and use their abilities to identify and forecast the processes and the phenomena., most actively joins in control processes. The software provides comprehensive processing of the obtained information and active assistance to the operator by performing additional data processing and presenting upon operator's request necessary information recorded

A set of the principles, methods and means of defects finding and detection or, in another words, arranging of diagnostic assurance of crack resistance of equipment elements during production and in service, forms the basis for accidents prevention, actuation of the automated protection and safety enhancement. Such approach was implemented during Sakhalin-II projects execution for

Issues of development of the world and Russian continental shelf for exploration, drilling, production, treatment, storage and transportation of hydrocarbons become more and more important socioeconomically and in scientific and technical aspects. Unique sea platforms for a temperate and Arctic climate, undoubtedly, fall into group of critically and strategically important objects of infrastructures of life activity and life support. The fundamental studies and applied research works in the field of provision of strength, in-service life, survivability and risks play key role in comprehensive solution of issues relevant to the sea platforms safety, security and

Their implementation is focused on scientific justification of classification of continental shelf technosphere objects, classification of routine and abnormal situations, development of methods and systems of diagnostic, monitoring and

In the future-oriented technologies for safe continental shelf development, the results of advanced scientific theoretical and experimental developments in such industries as nuclear, airspace and transport will be used. The specified

created technologies related to shelf developments.

*Hybrid Modeling of Offshore Platforms' Stress-Deformed and Limit States…*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88894*

protection of SP from earthquakes and tsunami.

protection from accidents and disasters.

in the computing system memory.

*Diagnostics and monitoring procedure chart.*

**4. Conclusion**

**Figure 23.**

protection.

**113**


#### **Table 5.**

*Risks of the traditional LNG technologies (million dollars per year).*

characteristics are given in **Table 5**: *R*—risks estimates currently for on-land, abovewater and under-water technologies without loss of LNG and oil at accidents and disasters; *R\**—the same risks, but taking into account losses; *R(t)*—expected risks in 10 years at growth of LNG production, transportation and consumption rate in 4% without LNG loss; *R \* (t)*—the same risks taking into account LNG loss; *RUS(t)* expected risks for LNG and oil transportation in the USA without LNG losses; and *RUS\*(t)* —expected risks for the USA taking into account loss of LNG and oil.

The estimated cost efficiency of new underwater technologies (liquefaction and transportation) increases in comparison with the traditional (on-land and abovewater) technologies. Risks of new technologies at an initial stage are (8.6–10.1)<sup>10</sup><sup>6</sup> of dollars/year; and for traditional ones (59.2–61.3)106 dollars/year.

*Hybrid Modeling of Offshore Platforms' Stress-Deformed and Limit States… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.88894*

#### **Figure 23.**

*Diagnostics and monitoring procedure chart.*

These risks have to be considered at stage of economic assessment of all newly created technologies related to shelf developments.

The person (operator) or an automatic system, when conducting diagnostics and monitoring (**Figure 23**), closely follow change of parameters and use their abilities to identify and forecast the processes and the phenomena., most actively joins in control processes. The software provides comprehensive processing of the obtained information and active assistance to the operator by performing additional data processing and presenting upon operator's request necessary information recorded in the computing system memory.

A set of the principles, methods and means of defects finding and detection or, in another words, arranging of diagnostic assurance of crack resistance of equipment elements during production and in service, forms the basis for accidents prevention, actuation of the automated protection and safety enhancement.

Such approach was implemented during Sakhalin-II projects execution for protection of SP from earthquakes and tsunami.

## **4. Conclusion**

Issues of development of the world and Russian continental shelf for exploration, drilling, production, treatment, storage and transportation of hydrocarbons become more and more important socioeconomically and in scientific and technical aspects. Unique sea platforms for a temperate and Arctic climate, undoubtedly, fall into group of critically and strategically important objects of infrastructures of life activity and life support. The fundamental studies and applied research works in the field of provision of strength, in-service life, survivability and risks play key role in comprehensive solution of issues relevant to the sea platforms safety, security and protection from accidents and disasters.

Their implementation is focused on scientific justification of classification of continental shelf technosphere objects, classification of routine and abnormal situations, development of methods and systems of diagnostic, monitoring and protection.

In the future-oriented technologies for safe continental shelf development, the results of advanced scientific theoretical and experimental developments in such industries as nuclear, airspace and transport will be used. The specified

characteristics are given in **Table 5**: *R*—risks estimates currently for on-land, abovewater and under-water technologies without loss of LNG and oil at accidents and disasters; *R\**—the same risks, but taking into account losses; *R(t)*—expected risks in 10 years at growth of LNG production, transportation and consumption rate in 4% without LNG loss; *R \* (t)*—the same risks taking into account LNG loss; *RUS(t)* expected risks for LNG and oil transportation in the USA without LNG losses; and *RUS\*(t)* —expected risks for the USA taking into account loss of LNG and oil.

*Scheme of under-water and under-ice technological complex: 1—ice coverage on the sea surface; 2—underwater LNG carrier or tanker; 3—subsea oil and LNG tank; 4—subsea natural gas liquefaction and oil unit; 5—Field processing unit; 6—subsea power generation unit; 7—subsea condensate storage facility; 8—subsea condensate*

**Types of risks** *R R\* R(t) R\****(***t***)** *RUS***(***t***)** *RUS\****(***t***)** 1. Risks for on-land infrastructures *R*<sup>Н</sup> 48.3 48.9 71.5 72.4 59.9 60.6 2. Risks of above-water sea transportation *R*<sup>М</sup> 4.1 4.13 6.1 6.2 5.08 5.12 3. Risks of on-land and above water technologies *R*НМ 52.4 53.0 77.6 78.6 64.0 65.7

*<sup>Т</sup>* 6.0 6.1 55.1 56.1 46.2 46.4

0.8 2.15 3.1 8.29 2.46 6.4

6.8 8.25 58.2 64.4 48.7 52.8

The estimated cost efficiency of new underwater technologies (liquefaction and transportation) increases in comparison with the traditional (on-land and abovewater) technologies. Risks of new technologies at an initial stage are (8.6–10.1)<sup>10</sup><sup>6</sup>

of dollars/year; and for traditional ones (59.2–61.3)106 dollars/year.

**Figure 22.**

transportation *R<sup>М</sup>*

**Table 5.**

**112**

sea transportation *RНМ*

*Т*

*Т*

*carrier; 9—LNG terminal; and 10—subsea well.*

*Probability, Combinatorics and Control*

4. Risks of terrorist attacks on on-land infrastructures *R<sup>Н</sup>*

6. Risks of terrorist attacks on land infrastructures and on

*Risks of the traditional LNG technologies (million dollars per year).*

5. Risks of terrorist attacks in case of above-water sea

research works and development have both clearly expressed national and general international character.

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