**4.3 Hematological changes**

In dogs with prolonged gastrointestinal bleeding, iron deficiency could develop microcytic hypochromic anemia [50]. Normocytic normochromic anemia in dogs due to GI ulceration and contentious administration of NSAIDs [51].

Jergens et al. [52] observed leukocytosis and relative polycythemia in five dogs and non-regenerative anemia in one dog with gastroduodenal ulceration. Leib and Matz [43] recorded regenerative anemia and eosinophilia in *Ancylostoma*-infected dogs. Ridgway et al. [53] observed thrombocytopenia in dogs with IBD. Ristic and Stidworthy [54] reported severe iron-deficiency (microcytic hypochromic) anemia due to inflammatory bowel disease in the dogs. Dossin and Henroteaux [12] observed chronic anemia with typical feature of iron deficiency (microcytic hypochromic anemia) and thrombocytopenia in IBD-affected dogs.
