**6. Conclusion and recommendation**

Resistance to antimicrobial agents arises in some instance through excessive use in animals as chemotherapeutics, and as subtherapeutic additives in feeds. Prolong exposure of microorganisms to sublethal doses of antimicrobials can result in spontaneous emergence of resistance gene and its subsequent transfer among animals, environment and animal products in food chain, and transfer of resistance to human. A pragmatic approach to slow down the development of antimicrobial resistance is to control abuse of antimicrobials through a number of measures. First, it is important to recognize that veterinary pharmaceuticals are important beyond animals and include human health and the environment, hence the need for "One Health" guidiance and regulation. Secondly, it is necessary to reduce drugs that are used as prophylaxis and should rather improve research and innovation for vaccine development, application and explore other alternatives to chemotherapies. The use of feed grade antibiotics and additives in feed as growth promoters also need to be discouraged in developing countries and instead promote organic, home grown livestock husbandry to complement intensive and factory farming. Alternatives to growth-promoting and prophylactic uses of antimicrobials in agriculture include improved management practices, wider use of vaccines, probiotics, and phage virus. Monitoring programs, prudent usage that are controlled, and educational campaigns are some of the approaches that can minimize further development of antimicrobial resistance in developing countries especially. These can be achieved through mutual and 'One Health' understanding of the challenges and informed solution through antibiotic stewardship by promoting collective action of all parties with interest including producers, consumers, and mediators.
