**11. Conclusion**

The spectrum of *Babesia* pathogens that infect dogs is gradually being elucidated with the aid of new molecular techniques and meticulous clinical investigation. Species of *Babesia* that cannot be distinguished morphologically cause diverse diseases and are transmitted by different vector ticks. Nonvector transmission by blood transfusion and directly from dog to dog is of special concern and could be responsible for the spread of infection to areas that were previously non-endemic. Correctly identifying the infectious agent is important for treatment planning and prognosis.
