**5. Duodenal disorders**

Commonly recorded canine duodenal disorders are inflammatory bowel disease, lymphangiectasia, ulcer, foreign body, giardia, parasites, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and neoplasia [25]. Duodenal disorders are difficult to identify clinically because of the non-specific symptoms. They may or may not be identifiable through routine radiographic, ultrasonographic or laboratory evaluation methods, because many diseases of duodenum primarily involve the mucosal surface. Thus diagnosis and treatment of the duodenal disorders are challenging for the canine practitioners [26]. Duodenoscopy is an efficient way of identifying the abnormalities of mucosal irregularities and obtaining mucosal biopsy and duodenal juice for routine histopathological and bacteriological studies [27–29].
