Preface

This book intends to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of the current and novel ocular diagnostic methods of the anterior and posterior eye segment used in clinical practice as well as in scientific projects. It is intended to interest both clinical ophthalmologists and researchers interested in projects involving ocular imaging.

The chapters include the theoretical basis as well as practical approach and usage of the following techniques: endothelial microscopy and corneal pachymetry, optical coherence tomography, endoOCT, wide-field retinal imaging, ultrasound imaging, and innovative diagnostic tools for ophthalmology in low-income countries.

The book sections are created according to ocular compartments: anterior and posterior eye segment.

Silvia Tavazzi et al. describe the novel approach of analyzing the cornea and morphology and morphometry of corneal endothelium with a slit lamp equipped with a high-resolution digital sensor. This innovative approach allows rapid diagnosis of corneal endothelial dystrophies and other endothelial abnormalities.

Yu-Ting Tsao et al. introduce a promising approach of a paper-based ELISA method to assess vascular endothelial growth factor level in aqueous humor, which could be an important indicator in diseases such as uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration. The possible potential of this method may interest researchers and could also become a diagnostic test in clinical practice.

A few chapters are devoted to recently introduced wide-field retinal imaging and intraoperative optical coherence tomography. The authors present the technical background of the methods, commercially available devices, as well as many clinical examples of intraoperative usage in vitreoretinal surgery, especially in macular surgery in diseases such as epiretinal membranes, macular holes, and vitreoretinal traction syndrome.

Jason Singh et al. focus on an emerging issue of ocular examination in lowincome countries describing available low-cost diagnostic methods and resources that aim to assist in the fight against preventable blindness, such as smartphoneintegrated fundoscopy, laptop size ocular ultrasonography, or self-adjustable glasses.

To conclude, the book intends to provide valuable information in terms of anterior and posterior eye segment diagnostic methods, which could be used in everyday clinical practice to allow early diagnosis of diseases such as corneal dystrophies, keratoconus, cataract, central and peripheral retinal disorders, and optic neuropathies.

**II**

**Section 4**

**Section 5**

*and Chao-Min Cheng*

Humour VEGF Level in Ocular Diseases

*by Jason Singh, Sami Kabbara, Mandi Conway,* 

*Gholam Peyman and Robin D. Ross*

Biochemical Techniques **83**

**Chapter 6 85**

Innovative Diagnostic Tools for Ophthalmology in Low Income Countries **101**

**Chapter 7 103**

Innovative Diagnostic Tools for Ophthalmology in Low-Income Countries

Paper-Based ELISA: A Novel Diagnostic Approach for Monitoring Aqueous

*by Yu-Ting Tsao, Wei-Hsuan Sung, Hung-Chi Chen, Min-Yen Hsu* 

It also provides a very detailed description of the novel intraoperative technique of optical coherence tomography, which is very promising in improving the quality of vitreoretinal surgery.

> **Anna Nowinska** Chair and Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland

> > Section 1

Anterior Eye Segment

Diagnostic Methods

1

## Section 1
