Meet the editors

Sara Palermo has an MSc in Clinical and Community Psychology and a PhD in Experimental Neuroscience. Currently she is a postdoc research fellow at the University of Turin (Italy). She is a research member of the Center for the Study of Movement Disorders and the Placebo Responses Mapping Group at the Department of Neuroscience. She is also a research member of the Neuropsychology of Cognitive Impairment and CNS Degen-

erative Diseases Group at the Department of Psychology. Dr. Palermo is a member of the Italian Society of Neuropsychology, the Italian Association of Psychogeriatrics, the Italian Autonomous Association adhering to SIN for dementias, and the International Society for Interdisciplinary Placebo Studies. Importantly, she is involved in the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Aging (EIP on AHA).

Mario Stanziano is a physician, currently resident in Diagnostic Imaging at the University of Milan, cooperating with the Brain Imaging Center and the Trauma Center of Turin. He has been working with the neural network morphology lab of the University of Naples Vanvitelli in the Human Anatomy Department. As a neuroimager he is actively engaged in the study of normal and pathological brain connectivity both under functional and

structural perspectives. In particular, he is studying structuro-functional magnetic resonance imaging features of neurological disorders characterised by consciousness impairment in its broadest sense.

Rosalba Morese holds a Bachelor's degree in Psychology from the University of Parma, Italy, and a PhD in Neuroscience from the University of Turin, Italy, to develop new techniques and approaches in cognitive and social neuroscience. She is an expert in cognitive and social neuroscience, neuroeconomics, psychophysiology, and psychology. She performs neuroimaging studies in social contexts in order to investigate

neural correlates involved during social interactions, such as social exclusion, social support, empathy, communicative intention, and social decision making. She is currently working at Università della Svizzera italiana, Switzerland.

Contents

Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's Disease

*and Alberto Romagnolo*

Neuroimaging in Parkinson Disease *by Roohi Mohammad and Fatima Mubarak*

Parkinson's Disease: A Neurocognitive Approach

**Preface III**

**Chapter 1 1**

**Chapter 2 7**

**Chapter 3 21**

**Chapter 4 45**

**Chapter 5 57**

Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesias and Dyskinesias-Reduced-Self-Awareness in

*by Sara Palermo, Rosalba Morese, Carlo Alberto Artusi, Mario Stanziano* 

Introductory Chapter: Targeting Unmet Needs in Parkinson's Disease

Mitochondrial KATP Channel and Dopaminergic Vulnerability Neurons in

*by Gesivaldo Santos, Julita Maria Pereira Borges, Marcos Avilla-Rodriguez, Érika Pereira Rubio, Cattiúscia Batista Bromochenkel, Djalma Menezes Oliveira, Jane Lima dos Santos, Rosane Moura Aguiar, Milena Mascarenhas Ferraz,* 

The Causative and Curative Roles of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in

*by Daniel Hernandez-Baltazar, Rasajna Nadella, Tamara Cibrian-Llanderal,* 

*Maria de Jesús Rovirosa-Hernández and Jesus Daniel Rembao-Bojorquez*

*Laura Mireya Zavala-Flores, Arnulfo Villanueva-Olivo, Aurora Sanchez-Garcia,* 

*Silvana Batista Gaino, Francisco Capani and George E. Barreto*

*Abraham Puga-Olguín, Abril Alondra Barrientos-Bonilla,* 

*by Sara Palermo, Rosalba Morese and Mario Stanziano*

## Contents

*and Alberto Romagnolo* 


Preface

This book aims to bring together in a single publication the knowledge on diagnosis and characterization of the clinical and neuropsychological profile in Parkinson's disease. The strong impulse to research this topic has produced in recent years a large literature that documents the high level of complexity of the issue. Due to this complexity, a reasoned multidimensional analysis able to integrate expertise of different disciplines (neurology, neuropsychology, neuroradiology, and neuroscience)

The authors offer original contributions to develop new perspectives in the field of Parkinson's disease research thanks to the originality of their ideas, theories,

The *introduction* opens with the fundamental question of how to recognize unmet needs in clinical and research settings. Patients fight against a range of physical motor symptoms. However, this is the not the full story. They also experience many other non-motor symptoms that affect their daily living, sometimes in ways that are just as important to them as the cardinal motor symptoms of the disease. However, clinicians often regard non-motor symptoms and their management as peripheral to that of the motor symptoms. A person-centered perspective is suggested and

The *first chapter* deals with the etiopathogenesis of the disease. The *second chapter* presents an interesting perspective of analyzing the hypothesis of oxidative stress and mitochondrial changes as the apparent most relevant cause of Parkinson's disease. It also discusses the neuroprotective role played by Kir6.2, a potassium-ATP channel and calcium voltage-gated v1.3. The *third chapter* describes the contribution of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as one of the causes of neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. It also discusses the participation of this neurotrophic factor in the development of cognitive dysfunction, and presents

The *fourth chapter* describes the radiological anatomy, sequencing, and imaging appearances of the disease. It also discusses new approaches with potential applica-

The *last chapter* outlines the clinical phenomenology of the pathology according to a neurocognitive approach. It also presents motor and non-motor symptoms, therapies of the advanced phase, and role of the neuropsychological evaluation. Particular attention is paid to the side effects of advanced therapy; dyskinesias and dyskinesia-reduced-self-awareness are widely discussed. The chapter addresses new findings concerning the association between executive functions and the neural

This book offers an excellent synopsis and an interesting expression of different perspectives, methods, empirical evidences, and international references. Therefore

is necessary.

strongly supported.

bility to clinical practice.

correlates of this phenomenon.

research, scientific results, and discussions.

novel BDNF-based therapies for Parkinson's disease.
