*2.1.2 Real costs of information technology*

In information technology and systems, the actual cost of developing them is divided into two categories of direct and indirect costs [6].

## *2.1.2.1 Direct costs*

*Maintenance Management*

each organization related to their activity.

**2. Theoretical framework**

**2.1 IT operating costs**

*2.1.1 Definitions and concepts*

ments, space rentals, and security.

known and achieved knowledge that is not easily measured.

achievement of business objective. The first step in IT investment is to know exactly what that investment is and measuring and tracking this expenditure over time against a convenient base [3]. If the cost follows an industrial standard, it enables the organization to have right understanding for enough investment in the area of IT in a specific period. The growth of revenue via offered technology solution enables organization to achieve strategy business goals and level of competitiveness. In order to assess achievement level related to such expectation, mechanism has to be determined. Researchers and practitioners have expressed concern about cost, benefit, and quality of software documentation in practice. In this chapter, IT cost is estimated for system maintenance phase by quantifying IT practical services tangible by users. Having available information enables organization to determine how much maintenance cost has been spent for IT services with consideration of their sub-components. To achieve these goals, it is necessary to develop a model based on experimental and historical data utilizing ANFIS modeling. In the past decades, numerous studies have been published on software cost estimation method including expert judgment, parametric models, and at least machine learning [4]. The results of modeling are shown in which the ANFIS is used for quantifying generated consumable services of IT to show the level of effectiveness of IT activities and also their maintenance cost forecasting. Neuro-fuzzy inference system adapted to the Takagi-Sugeno known as a fuzzy model was used for these models. ANFIS is trained with a volume of data to quantify the services with fuzzy data. Four fundamental components utilized and applied in maintenance channel and system lost include human resource, technology/infrastructure, and process and system downtime considered as IT cost factors and normally tracked in any organization and feed to model. All four variables include some components with diversity and difference in

This model can be suggested and designed as a new module implemented in monitoring systems of the use case organization considered as significant innovation with incorporation of IT services quantification and cost estimation, concurrently practical in IT field. The reason that authors used ANFIS is that it not only includes the characteristics of both methods but also eliminates some disadvantage of their lonely use case. In this chapter, backpropagation learning in neural section is applied. Output variables obtained by applying fuzzy rule to fuzzy set of input variables in Takagi-Sugeno inference system. The results showed that the proposed model is a powerful technique and valuable tool for forecasting variables from

The prediction of maintenance costs is one of the important parameters in the budgeting of IT systems. It can help organizations with cost-effective management, including the intangible costs of technology and measuring the effectiveness and efficiency of technology services with regard to spending everyday expenses.

In information technology, operating costs refer to the amount spent on information technology services on a daily basis. Operating costs may be due to expenses that are spent on personnel, maintenance, hardware, power and software require-

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The direct costs relate to the factors for implementation and operation of information technology; direct costs in projects are often underestimated and beyond hardware, software, and installation costs. Direct costs may also include additional hardware that is unpredictable. This includes increased processing power, increased memory and storage facilities, and the cost of installation and implementation, which are categorized as direct costs and typically include consulting services, installation engineers, and software and network hardware [7].
