**2. History of RFID systems in libraries**

The first attempts to introduce radio-frequency identification technology in libraries began in the mid of 1990s. A pioneer in this field was "3 M" company (USA), which since the end of 1960s started to produce and install radio-frequency EAS systems in libraries and since the beginning of 1990s started production of radio-frequency identification devices for libraries. 3 M company announced the first project of school library automation, based on RFID, in 1994, and in the 2000s, several thousand libraries in Europe and the United States had already implemented RFID technology. A lot of practical experience has already been accumulated by this time [1].

Most of the projects used RFID equipment of companies such as 3 M, TAGSYS, and FEIG Electronics of 13.56 MHz band. Commercial attractiveness of implemented projects brought to this market a large number of new participants, among which, along with specialized companies, there were many commercial IT companies of a wide profile working with RFID systems in the field of warehouse logistics. This fact can explain the emergence of RFID library projects based on UHF equipment (860–960 MHz), which is an alternative to the equipment of "traditional" library HF band (13.56 MHz).

In Russian libraries, the technology of radio-frequency identification appeared somewhat later [2]. First, the RFID library project was implemented by "ANTIVOR" company on the basis of Russian ILS "IRBIS64" in the library of the graduate management school of St. Petersburg state University, in 2007 [3].

The first full-featured project implemented in a large Russian library on the basis of Russian RFID-equipment was a research project implemented in 2008*–*2009 by non-commercial partnership "International Center of Technology Transfer " (NP "ICTT"), in cooperation with the "GPNTB of Russia" library [4]. The project used the equipment of HF band, appropriate for library conditions and is claimed in foreign libraries.

#### **3. Regulatory framework of RFID library systems**

Widespread use of RFID systems in libraries required systematization of the acquired experience. The first library standard for application of RFID technology appeared in Denmark in 2005 [5]. This standard has been directly supported

**155**

standard.

labels.

type.

dard as mandatory:

• Primary item identifier

• Owner institution (ISIL)

*RFID in Libraries: Automatic Identification and Data Collection Technology for Library...*

by many countries of the world, and in 2011 Technical Committee ISO/TC 46/SC 4 has established a system of international standards ISO 28560, representing a group of three standards, under the general title "Information and Documentation. RFID in Libraries." Adopted standards defined the main technical parameters of library RFID systems, as well as the structure and protocols of data exchange with library automation systems. Later, in 2014, the system of standards was revised and a fourth part was added to it. The new standard part was defining the use of UHF

Currently, the international standard ISO 28560 set consists of four parts. To date, all four parts of the standards system have been introduced into the Russian

ISO 29560-1 [6] standard defined data elements used in the cataloging of documents in library collection, which can be placed in the memory of RFID tags and is used for automation of technology operations in libraries. The entire set of 26 items is given, of which only two items are required—the "Primary Item Identifier" and the "Owner Institution (ISIL)". The ISIL code is defined in the ISO 15511 [7] standard. Both identifiers represent in the aggregate the "International Library Item Identifier" (ILIL), defined in ISO 20247 [8]. Libraries are invited to decide of specified elements what should be used, based on the needs and capabilities of their automation system. Data elements are presented without specifying the location in the label memory. In general cases, labels may have different organization for different types. There are also no defined encoding conditions in which data can be represented. These conditions are defined in the following parts of the

ISO 29560-2 [9] standard defines the way of placing of data elements, defined

in the first part, in the tag memory, based on standard rules of coding of the object identifier structure defined in ISO/IEC 15962. Standard data element placement rules allow for flexible encoding of variable-length data and different formats. Their application allows the use of RFID tag resources with the greatest efficiency. The data encoding rules in this standard can be applied for any type of

ISO 29560-3 [10] standard is based on the principles set out in the Danish national standard and on the experience of its use in other countries. Data structures presented in the standard are focused primarily for HF (13.56 MHz) band type labels conforming to ISO/IEC 18000-3 [11] Mode 1 standard. Such type of tags includes NXP company labels of ICode SliX specifications. User memory of these labels has a capacity of 112 bits and is divided into 28 blocks of 32 bits available for reading and writing by special commands of RFID reader. Other types of radio-frequency labels are considered in terms of their compatibility with the base

Data element allocation principles, defined in ISO 29560-3 standard, are based on a fixed data structure consisting of several blocks. In total, four types of data blocks are defined, of which only the "Basic block" is obligatory for programming,

The "Basic block" contains data elements, defined in the first part of the stan-

as well as data elements defined in the first part of the standard as optional:

which is a rigid structure, consisting of fixed length fields.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82032*

band RFID equipment (850–960 MHz) in libraries.

standardization system as identical to international standards.

#### *RFID in Libraries: Automatic Identification and Data Collection Technology for Library... DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82032*

by many countries of the world, and in 2011 Technical Committee ISO/TC 46/SC 4 has established a system of international standards ISO 28560, representing a group of three standards, under the general title "Information and Documentation. RFID in Libraries." Adopted standards defined the main technical parameters of library RFID systems, as well as the structure and protocols of data exchange with library automation systems. Later, in 2014, the system of standards was revised and a fourth part was added to it. The new standard part was defining the use of UHF band RFID equipment (850–960 MHz) in libraries.

Currently, the international standard ISO 28560 set consists of four parts. To date, all four parts of the standards system have been introduced into the Russian standardization system as identical to international standards.

ISO 29560-1 [6] standard defined data elements used in the cataloging of documents in library collection, which can be placed in the memory of RFID tags and is used for automation of technology operations in libraries. The entire set of 26 items is given, of which only two items are required—the "Primary Item Identifier" and the "Owner Institution (ISIL)". The ISIL code is defined in the ISO 15511 [7] standard. Both identifiers represent in the aggregate the "International Library Item Identifier" (ILIL), defined in ISO 20247 [8]. Libraries are invited to decide of specified elements what should be used, based on the needs and capabilities of their automation system. Data elements are presented without specifying the location in the label memory. In general cases, labels may have different organization for different types. There are also no defined encoding conditions in which data can be represented. These conditions are defined in the following parts of the standard.

ISO 29560-2 [9] standard defines the way of placing of data elements, defined in the first part, in the tag memory, based on standard rules of coding of the object identifier structure defined in ISO/IEC 15962. Standard data element placement rules allow for flexible encoding of variable-length data and different formats. Their application allows the use of RFID tag resources with the greatest efficiency. The data encoding rules in this standard can be applied for any type of labels.

ISO 29560-3 [10] standard is based on the principles set out in the Danish national standard and on the experience of its use in other countries. Data structures presented in the standard are focused primarily for HF (13.56 MHz) band type labels conforming to ISO/IEC 18000-3 [11] Mode 1 standard. Such type of tags includes NXP company labels of ICode SliX specifications. User memory of these labels has a capacity of 112 bits and is divided into 28 blocks of 32 bits available for reading and writing by special commands of RFID reader. Other types of radio-frequency labels are considered in terms of their compatibility with the base type.

Data element allocation principles, defined in ISO 29560-3 standard, are based on a fixed data structure consisting of several blocks. In total, four types of data blocks are defined, of which only the "Basic block" is obligatory for programming, which is a rigid structure, consisting of fixed length fields.

The "Basic block" contains data elements, defined in the first part of the standard as mandatory:


as well as data elements defined in the first part of the standard as optional:

*Maintenance Management*

electronic information space.

this time [1].

foreign libraries.

library HF band (13.56 MHz).

For library RFID systems, the main accounting object is the document of the library collections, which has a material carrier of information. These documents primarily include printed publications, which now form the basis of the book stock collections in most libraries. The electronic publications increased the availability of information for users and, at the same time, was a serious challenge for the traditional document collections and traditional library technologies. Radio-frequency identification technology allows increased mobility of traditional documents in the

Full-featured use of RFID system capabilities enables development of library technologies through the use of existing experience and the latest achievements in

In these circumstances, the actual task is to understand the experience, fixing it as generally accepted rules and standards, the implementation of which can ensure further development of both RFID technology and library work technology.

The first attempts to introduce radio-frequency identification technology in libraries began in the mid of 1990s. A pioneer in this field was "3 M" company (USA), which since the end of 1960s started to produce and install radio-frequency EAS systems in libraries and since the beginning of 1990s started production of radio-frequency identification devices for libraries. 3 M company announced the first project of school library automation, based on RFID, in 1994, and in the 2000s, several thousand libraries in Europe and the United States had already implemented RFID technology. A lot of practical experience has already been accumulated by

Most of the projects used RFID equipment of companies such as 3 M, TAGSYS, and FEIG Electronics of 13.56 MHz band. Commercial attractiveness of implemented projects brought to this market a large number of new participants, among which, along with specialized companies, there were many commercial IT companies of a wide profile working with RFID systems in the field of warehouse logistics. This fact can explain the emergence of RFID library projects based on UHF equipment (860–960 MHz), which is an alternative to the equipment of "traditional"

In Russian libraries, the technology of radio-frequency identification appeared somewhat later [2]. First, the RFID library project was implemented by "ANTIVOR"

The first full-featured project implemented in a large Russian library on the basis of Russian RFID-equipment was a research project implemented in 2008*–*2009 by non-commercial partnership "International Center of Technology Transfer " (NP "ICTT"), in cooperation with the "GPNTB of Russia" library [4]. The project used the equipment of HF band, appropriate for library conditions and is claimed in

Widespread use of RFID systems in libraries required systematization of the acquired experience. The first library standard for application of RFID technology appeared in Denmark in 2005 [5]. This standard has been directly supported

company on the basis of Russian ILS "IRBIS64" in the library of the graduate

management school of St. Petersburg state University, in 2007 [3].

**3. Regulatory framework of RFID library systems**

the field of automatic identification and object management.

**2. History of RFID systems in libraries**

**154**


which have acquired the status of mandatory under this standard.

Additional "Structured Extension Blocks" are used to store data elements from full set that are not included in the "Basic block". The standard defines 5 types of structured blocks of which the formats are determined by their different purposes in the technological system of the library.

Data allocation principles, defined in the third part of the standard, are not compatible with the rules set out in the second part and they are more stringent. Data compression algorithms are not used in coding; different data elements can be represented in different codes. In general, it can be said that data coding based on the rules of the third part of the standard is less rational than the rules presented in the second part. Adoption of this standard is due to the fact that coding based on the rules of the Danish model became a de facto international standard for libraries long before, and such an international standard was adopted by ISO TC46/SC4 Technical Committee. A large number of libraries in many countries around the world use RFID equipment of HF range, and a huge number of documents were marked with labels encoded according to the rules of the Danish data model. Change to other label types and encoding methods is currently a challenging practice task. This situation is supported by main manufacturers of specialized library equipment. Using UHF RFID equipment in libraries is not popular now, despite the significant advantage of UHF technology in "non-library" areas related to logistics.

The fourth part of the standard (ISO 29560-4 [12]) appeared later than previous three parts and was adopted in 2014 only. The standard defines the rules for placement of data elements presented in the first part of the standard, consistent with coding rules defined in the second part. This part of the standard has been added to allow selection of different frequency bands of RFID equipment, between HF (13.56 MHz) defined in part three of the standard and UHF (850–960 MHz), conforming to ISO/IEC 18000-63 [13], for libraries. Data structures presented in the standard are focused on RFID tags having a block memory organization defined in the EPC global Inc. standard as "Class 1 Generation 2" (EPC C1g2). [14].

The logical memory structure of the radio-frequency labels defined in the fourth part of the standard consists of four blocks, of which only two are available for reading and writing library data elements: "01" (EPC memory) and "11" (User Memory).

For EPC memory block the standard defines the possibility of recording a Unique Item Identifier (UII), composed of the "Primary Item Identifier", the "Application Family Identifier" (AFI), and, all or selectively, two data elements: the "Owner Institution (ISIL)" and the "Set Information".

These data elements in various combinations occupy the entire memory block, and the format of their record does not correspond to the format of the standard EPC code. The presence in memory of a "Unique Item Identifier", in non-EPC format, is determined by the value of a fixed bit in the memory block (bit 17hex = 1), located directly in front of the AFI byte area.

For user memory block, the standard defines the ability to write a set of optional data elements, which is a subset of the set defined in the first part of the standard. The choice of data elements to be written to memory can be arbitrary from a given set and is determined by technological needs of the library.

In general, we can say that the fourth part of the standard defines coding rules applicable to labels with a memory structure corresponding to the EPC "C1g2"

**157**

*RFID in Libraries: Automatic Identification and Data Collection Technology for Library...*

**4. Principles of identification for library items in the library RFID** 

RFID systems use a unique numeric code stored in the memory of radiofrequency tags as an identifier. The degree of uniqueness of the code is determined by the functional needs of the automated systems in which it is used. The main requirement for the identification of code formation is its uniqueness within the

in the case of accounting of document sets of the book stock collections.

In the first projects of library RFID systems, a UID code of the radio-frequency label was often used as a unique identifier of accounting objects. The use of this type of identifiers in the library automation system can only ensure their uniqueness. The UID value is set during chip manufacturing; it is constant, and its structure is determined by needs of radio-frequency label manufacturers. In addition, RFID systems based on UID have significant limitations associated with existing library technology: the impossibility of identification of group accounting items in the case of application of non-inventory registration technology for documents and

The use of radio-frequency labels in the RFID library system, compatible with ISO 28560 standards, involves the use of a rewritable memory area of the label to accommodate structured data, which includes data elements defined in the ISO 28560-1 standard. One of the mandatory data elements is the "Primary Item Identifier" unique for each document instance in the collection of one library. An arbitrary value, that meets the requirements of the ILS, can be assigned for this element. In this case, it is possible to identify the RFID system of group accounting items, such as the publication, as well as sets of documents. The mandatory data block is supplemented by the "Set Information" element for support of accounting of document set. The block is present by the structure of "total set/part number" elements. In addition, if document identifier is located in the rewritable memory, it becomes possible to structure it in order to support functionality of the general

The ISO 28560 standard defines the length of the primary item identifier as 16 bytes. If you use one byte to display a single character, you can number 10000000000 (10 quadrillion) instances of documents with direct decimal numbering. If you use alphabetic characters to form an identifier, this number of unique combinations will be much greater. Libraries with such collections of printed publications currently do not exist, and in the foreseeable future their appearance is not expected. This code space redundancy can be used to place additional information in the ID code. It can be used to extend functionality of the RFID library system. The primary item identifier must be a structure, each element of which provides a

specification. In this case, the structure of the "Unique Item Identifier" placed in the EPC memory area is not compatible with EPC code format. This makes library RFID systems based on the fourth part of the standard alternative to EPC

Emergence of ISO 28560 systems of international standards was an important step towards the development of RFID library systems. At the same time, while analyzing the content of the standard, it should be noted that its existing parts are not fully consistent with each other, which is a consequence of the historical situation of the use of RFID technology in libraries. Coding principles defined in the second part are not compatible with coding principles presented in the third part. The third and fourth parts of the standard describe incompatible systems. This inconsistency creates difficulties in the further development of RFID technology in libraries.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82032*

systems.

**systems**

boundaries of a specific system.

system by means of the RFID system.

*RFID in Libraries: Automatic Identification and Data Collection Technology for Library... DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82032*

specification. In this case, the structure of the "Unique Item Identifier" placed in the EPC memory area is not compatible with EPC code format. This makes library RFID systems based on the fourth part of the standard alternative to EPC systems.

Emergence of ISO 28560 systems of international standards was an important step towards the development of RFID library systems. At the same time, while analyzing the content of the standard, it should be noted that its existing parts are not fully consistent with each other, which is a consequence of the historical situation of the use of RFID technology in libraries. Coding principles defined in the second part are not compatible with coding principles presented in the third part. The third and fourth parts of the standard describe incompatible systems. This inconsistency creates difficulties in the further development of RFID technology in libraries.
