**4. Applications**

The proposed system has been installed on several catenary inspection cars which have a maximum inspection speed of 160 km/h. **Figure 17** shows the inspection equipment on one of the inspection car.

The graphic user interface is shown in **Figure 18**. All the camera control and image display of different cameras can be done in the common software, and we can also enlarge a specific part of image to see much detail of any component or region that we are interested in.

Images of different inspection regions are shown in **Figures 19–22**.

The camera system is designed with an image resolution up to 0.5 mm/pixel. **Figures 23–25** show details of some detection regions which are enlarged from the original images. As shown below, the images of catenary components are clear enough to perform the subsequent detection.

**Figure 17.** *Equipment on the inspection car.*

**Figure 18.** *Graphic user interface.*

**Figure 19.** *The whole cantilever region.*

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**Figure 23.** *Enlarged image.*

**Figure 21.**

**Figure 22.**

*The hanging post region.*

*The additional wire region.*

*Automatic Visual Inspection and Condition-Based Maintenance for Catenary*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82149*

**Figure 20.** *The contact wire region.*

*Automatic Visual Inspection and Condition-Based Maintenance for Catenary DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82149*

**Figure 21.** *The additional wire region.*

**Figure 22.** *The hanging post region.*

**Figure 23.** *Enlarged image.*

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**Figure 20.**

*The contact wire region.*

*Maintenance Management*

**Figure 18.**

**Figure 19.**

*The whole cantilever region.*

*Graphic user interface.*

**Figure 24.** *Enlarged image.*

**Figure 25.** *Enlarged image.*

**Figure 26.** *Images from two inspection runs.*

As for the post detection, there are almost no missing detections in the system test. The detection performance is reliable between railway stations. However, a few of false detections exist in some stations, as a result of the complex structure of crossing wires and electric connection wires at stations.

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**Figure 29.**

*Relaxation of tightening wires.*

*Automatic Visual Inspection and Condition-Based Maintenance for Catenary*

Comparison between images from two inspection runs at the same post is shown

Some defects that have been automatically detected by the system are shown in

in **Figure 26**. We can see the two images are almost the same, which means the accurate post detection and trigger signal generation have been achieved.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82149*

**Figures 27–30**.

**Figure 27.** *Component missing.*

**Figure 28.** *Looseness of bolts.* *Automatic Visual Inspection and Condition-Based Maintenance for Catenary DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82149*

Comparison between images from two inspection runs at the same post is shown in **Figure 26**. We can see the two images are almost the same, which means the accurate post detection and trigger signal generation have been achieved.

Some defects that have been automatically detected by the system are shown in **Figures 27–30**.

**Figure 27.** *Component missing.*

*Maintenance Management*

**Figure 24.** *Enlarged image.*

**Figure 25.** *Enlarged image.*

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**Figure 26.**

*Images from two inspection runs.*

As for the post detection, there are almost no missing detections in the system test. The detection performance is reliable between railway stations. However, a few of false detections exist in some stations, as a result of the complex structure of

crossing wires and electric connection wires at stations.

**Figure 28.** *Looseness of bolts.*

**Figure 29.** *Relaxation of tightening wires.*

**Figure 30.** *Broken of insulators.*
