*4.1.1 Gold-based nanomaterials (AuNPs)*

The AuNPs have many characteristics such as biocompatibility, optical properties, and electrical behavior. Now–a-days, AuNPs have been considered in bioimaging and tissue engineering. Electrospinning and metal nanoparticles (Nps) can create a scaffold that will trigger muscle cell elongation, orientation, fusion, and striation. Traumatic injuries can interrupt muscle contraction by damaging the skeletal muscle and/or the peripheral nerves. The healing process results in scar tissue formation that impedes muscle function. Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and Nps were electrospun to create nanocomposite by Fischer et al. [34]. They found that low amounts of AuNps may be utilized to create a biodegradable, biocompatible, and conductive scaffold for skeletal muscle repair.

### *4.1.2 Silver-based nanomaterials (AgNPs)*

Silver nanoparticles have antimicrobial activity and useful as antimicrobial agent, hence, it is a proven killer of bacteria [35]. Silver is far more efficient antibiotic than any allopathic pharmaceutical materials. Colloidal silver is effective in killing more than 600 bacteria in less than 5 min. AgNPs also find application in ointment and cream used to prevent infection in burns and open wounds anticancer particles with paclitaxel inhibits the growth of hep G2 cell more effectively [36–38].

Biodegradable PLLA ultrafine fibers containing AgNps were prepared via electrospinning by Xu et al. [39]. These fibers showed antibacterial activities (microorganism reduction) of 98.5 and 94.2% against *Staphylococcus aureus* and *Escherichia coli*, respectively, because of the presence of the silver nanoparticles.

#### *4.1.3 Copper-based nanomaterials (CuNPs)*

The polymer/CuNPs loading is proposed as a biostatic coating and systematic correlations between material properties and biological effects are established. The experimental result of the nanocomposite capability to release metals in a controlled manner and to slow or inhibit the growth of living organisms are proofed [40].

Using the electrospinning method, Badaraev et al. produced biodegradable scaffolds from PLLA. Using DC magnetron sputtering of the copper target, they modified the surface of the scaffolds. The diameters of fibers range from 0.8 to 2 μm. Testing for antibacterial features indicated that the modified scaffolds are capable to have a bacteriostatic effect [41].

#### *4.1.4 Selenium-based nanomaterials (SeNPs)*

The major biomedical applications of SeNPs include, targeted drug delivery [42–44], drug delivery vehicles and artificial enzymes [45, 46], anti-cancer therapy [47–49], anti-bacterial activities [50], biosensors and intracellular analysis [51].

For bone tissue engineering, application of bioactive glass scaffolds because of bone bonding ability is present interests. Of course the bioactive glass scaffolds do not have some functionalities to enable the successful formation of new bone. For bone tissue engineering, application of Se due to significant role in antioxidant

**91**

*Poly(L-Lactide) Bionanocomposites*

infections [52].

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85035*

*4.1.5 Palladium-based nanomaterials (PdNPs)*

the electrochemical detection of serotonin [62].

**4.2 Metal oxides-based nanomaterials**

ligands/proteins [63–66].

for biocatalysis [78, 79].

protection enhanced immune surveillance and modulation of cell proliferation is a solution for problem. Also, the SeNPs possess antibacterial as well as antiviral activities. Stevanović et al., in their recent research, synthesized uniform, stable, amorphous SeNPs, and additionally immobilized within spherical PLGA particles (PLGA/SeNPs). These particles were used to coat bioactive glass-based scaffolds synthesized by the foam replica method. The prepared composite showed a considerable antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, *Staphylococcus aureus* and *Staphylococcus epidermidis*, one of the main causative agents of orthopedic

The major biomedical applications of PdNPs include targeted drug delivery [53, 54], anti-cancer therapy [55, 56], anti-microbial activities [57], biosensors and intracellular analysis-hydrogen sensors [58, 59], biocatalysts [60], and catalysis [61]. Graphene oxide (GO) has treated to create an anchoring OH site on the surface of GO. The subsequent GO-g-PLA was synthesized by the polymerization reaction in the presence of GO-MDI-OH and PLA. Finally, GO-g-PLA-Pd NPs was used for

Biodegradation and biocompatibility of metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) are investigated medical applications. It is vital that the surface modification of MOPs must be adequate stable to resist against the salts and proteins in vivo and also become water soluble. It is elucidated that super paramagnetic iron oxides nanoparticles (SPIONPs) are significantly biocompatible. The behavior of SPIONPs for drug delivery applications based on their surface structure and conjugated targeting

The most important application of SPIONPs are include targeting of drug by engineered delivering system [67, 68], for cancer therapeutic [69, 70], diagnosis of many kinds of cancers [67], contrasting agents for bioimaging [71], ultrasensitive in vivo molecular imaging [72], anti-microbial activities [73, 74], biosensing and inter cellular analysis [75], and cancer therapy using photo thermal technique [76, 77]. The distinctive properties of iron oxide MNPs are appropriate

ZnO NPs are used as anti-microbial, anti-biotic, and anti-fungal (fungicide) agents by incorporating them in coatings, bandages, nanofiber, nanowire, plastics, alloy, and textiles. They possess suitable electrical, dielectric, magnetic, optical, imaging, catalytic, biomedical, and bioscience properties. ZnO is a white powder that insoluble in water. ZnO is applicable in many kinds of ointments that used to treat skin irritations. Also, ZnO has many industrial applications such as in semiconductors, ceramics, and glass compositions [80, 81]. The well-known biomedical applications of ZnO NPs are found as targeted drug delivery destruction of tumor cells [82, 83], biomedical imaging and drug delivery systems [84], tumor characterization [85, 86], anti-cancer therapy [87], contrast agent in medical imaging [88],

A suitable food packaging can increase the shelf life of food products in addition to save their initial quality. The biodegradable polymer has various limitations such as fragility due to their low mechanical properties. Due to high aspect ratio of nanoparticles, their properties have significant differences from conventional size particles. ZnO nanostructured materials have presented valuable properties which have led to variety of applications such as food packaging applications.

anti-microbial activities [89], biomarkers [90], and biosensors [91–94].

#### *Poly(L-Lactide) Bionanocomposites DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85035*

*Peptide Synthesis*

ies, and ligands.

*4.1.1 Gold-based nanomaterials (AuNPs)*

and conductive scaffold for skeletal muscle repair.

*4.1.2 Silver-based nanomaterials (AgNPs)*

*4.1.3 Copper-based nanomaterials (CuNPs)*

capable to have a bacteriostatic effect [41].

*4.1.4 Selenium-based nanomaterials (SeNPs)*

in the field of medicine and biotechnology are iron oxide (Fe2O3), titanium oxide (TiO2), and zinc oxide (ZnO). The metallic nanomaterials can be prepared and modified with appropriate chemical functional groups to bind with drugs, antibod-

The AuNPs have many characteristics such as biocompatibility, optical properties, and electrical behavior. Now–a-days, AuNPs have been considered in bioimaging and tissue engineering. Electrospinning and metal nanoparticles (Nps) can create a scaffold that will trigger muscle cell elongation, orientation, fusion, and striation. Traumatic injuries can interrupt muscle contraction by damaging the skeletal muscle and/or the peripheral nerves. The healing process results in scar tissue formation that impedes muscle function. Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and Nps were electrospun to create nanocomposite by Fischer et al. [34]. They found that low amounts of AuNps may be utilized to create a biodegradable, biocompatible,

Silver nanoparticles have antimicrobial activity and useful as antimicrobial agent, hence, it is a proven killer of bacteria [35]. Silver is far more efficient antibiotic than any allopathic pharmaceutical materials. Colloidal silver is effective in killing more than 600 bacteria in less than 5 min. AgNPs also find application in ointment and cream used to prevent infection in burns and open wounds anticancer particles with paclitaxel inhibits the growth of hep G2 cell more effectively [36–38]. Biodegradable PLLA ultrafine fibers containing AgNps were prepared via electrospinning by Xu et al. [39]. These fibers showed antibacterial activities (microorganism reduction) of 98.5 and 94.2% against *Staphylococcus aureus* and *Escherichia* 

The polymer/CuNPs loading is proposed as a biostatic coating and systematic correlations between material properties and biological effects are established. The experimental result of the nanocomposite capability to release metals in a controlled manner and to slow or inhibit the growth of living organisms are

Using the electrospinning method, Badaraev et al. produced biodegradable scaffolds from PLLA. Using DC magnetron sputtering of the copper target, they modified the surface of the scaffolds. The diameters of fibers range from 0.8 to 2 μm. Testing for antibacterial features indicated that the modified scaffolds are

The major biomedical applications of SeNPs include, targeted drug delivery [42–44], drug delivery vehicles and artificial enzymes [45, 46], anti-cancer therapy [47–49], anti-bacterial activities [50], biosensors and intracellular analysis [51]. For bone tissue engineering, application of bioactive glass scaffolds because of bone bonding ability is present interests. Of course the bioactive glass scaffolds do not have some functionalities to enable the successful formation of new bone. For bone tissue engineering, application of Se due to significant role in antioxidant

*coli*, respectively, because of the presence of the silver nanoparticles.

**90**

proofed [40].

protection enhanced immune surveillance and modulation of cell proliferation is a solution for problem. Also, the SeNPs possess antibacterial as well as antiviral activities. Stevanović et al., in their recent research, synthesized uniform, stable, amorphous SeNPs, and additionally immobilized within spherical PLGA particles (PLGA/SeNPs). These particles were used to coat bioactive glass-based scaffolds synthesized by the foam replica method. The prepared composite showed a considerable antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, *Staphylococcus aureus* and *Staphylococcus epidermidis*, one of the main causative agents of orthopedic infections [52].
