**2.1 Bioremediation**

The biological remediation process is conducted by using microorganisms to degrade the contaminants to safe products and end products. Biological treatments have significant accomplishment by combining with other remediation processes and are easily implemented with contaminated soil [10]. Biological remediation is implemented at a low cost compared to the other alternative techniques [15], even though a wide variation occurs in terms of the environmental consequences, treatment time, and performance of these techniques [16]. As shown in **Figure 1**, bioremediation in 2008–2009 [17] comprised the most significant portion (21%) of the innovative activity which was reported by the Federal Contaminated Sites Action Plan (FCSAP) in Canada. Brief explanations of bioremediation process conducted in the remediation of contaminated soil are defined in the following section.
