**3. Innovative approaches**

Many evaluation types being used to assess healthcare interventions have been in use for many years. However, this does not mean they are appropriate for all the healthcare interventions or programs they are assessing [6]. There may be in certain instances requirement of customised evaluation approaches. One such innovative model is the integrated model of evaluation (IMoE) [6]. This model is a hybrid of traditional evaluation approaches that focus on before-after and input-output aspects of programs and theory-driven evaluation approaches that consider the context in which the program operates and formulates a program theory as to how the intervention leads to anticipated outcomes. While considering both approaches, it also presents a more practical version by utilising realistic elements that can be pursued in a timely manner. Besides, the model aligns with the health program context by measuring quality improvement and change that are critical to many health interventions [6]. The key components of the IMoE are outlined in **Figure 1** and described below.


The IMoE implementation approach involves formulating a preliminary program theory and then testing it through collection and analysis of data [6]. The model is a neutral method and favours ways that are appropriate to the context and objectives being assessed. This approach allows for before-after intervention assessment but with a robust theoretical underpinning. Further, the evaluation of

**Figure 1.** *Integrated model of evaluation. Source: Reddy et al. [6].*

change that has occurred provides a comprehensive picture of the effects of the intervention. Thus, the hybrid approach of the IMoE enables stakeholders to gain more value from commissioning evaluation than relying either on traditional or theory-driven approaches alone.
