Meet the editor

Edward T. Zawada Jr., MD, was born in Chicago, Illinois, in 1947. He graduated with a BSc (summa cum laude) from Loyola University, Chicago, in 1969 and an MD (summa cum laude) from the Loyola Stritch School of Medicine in 1973. He was inducted into Alpha Omega Alpha in 1972. He trained in internal medicine and nephrology at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA where he later served as an assistant professor

of medicine. He had a long career in academic medicine at the University of Utah, Medical College of Virginia, and Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota where he is a professor and chairman emeritus of the Department of Internal Medicine. He is board certified by the American Board of Internal Medicine in internal medicine, nephrology, geriatrics, and critical care medicine. He also has board certifications in nutrition by the American College of Nutrition, pharmacology by the American Society of Clinical Pharmacology, and hypertension by the American Society of Hypertension. He has been awarded with a fellowship status by the American College of Physicians, the American College of Chest Physicians, the American Heart Association, the American Society of Nephrology, the American Geriatrics Society, the American College of Clinical Pharmacology, the Society for Vascular Medicine, and the Society of Critical Care Medicine. He was awarded a distinguished service award by the South Dakota Medical Society in 2002 for a career devoted to medical education and master of the American College of Physicians in 2005.

Contents

**Section 1**

*by Edward T. Zawada*

*by Ishiaq Omotosho*

**Section 2**

Vitamin D?

Different Age *by Julia Fedotova*

Vitamin D in Space *by Amir Khoshvaghti*

*by Binit Vaidya and Shweta Nakarmi*

**Section 3**

**Section 4**

**Preface III**

Growing Importance of Vitamin D **1**

**Chapter 1 3**

**Chapter 2 7** Plant Sources of Vitamin D and Its Medicinal Application in Sub-Sahara Africa

Extraskeletal Effects of Vitamin D Deficiency **19**

**Chapter 3 21**

**Chapter 4 35**

New Frontiers for Vitamin D Research **61**

**Chapter 5 63**

Clinical Applications of Vitamin D Measurement and Replacement **81**

**Chapter 6 83**

Vitamin D in Rheumatic Diseases: Interpretation and Significance

Vitamin D and Physical Performance: What Is the Ergogenic Actions of

Behavioral Effects of Vitamin D3 at Estrogen Deficiency in Females of

*by Rodrigo Nolasco and Marise Lazaretti-Castro*

Introductory Chapter: Overview of Vitamin D Facts and Fads
