**5.6 Collateral damage**

UAV operation has a great risk of collateral damage in the event of UAV failure. The regulatory principles thus aim to take all precautions to reduce the risk of collateral damage. The considerations are:

*Military Engineering*

cate of airworthiness.

be considered:

**5.5 Integration of UAV into national airspace**

manned aircraft in the same airspace.

• Emergency recovery capability

• Level of autonomy

lateral damage. The considerations are:

**5.6 Collateral damage**

to manned aircraft requirement consider the following:

• Communication link and link loss criticality

and feeling of flying as in manned aircraft pilots)

**5.4 UAV vs. manned aircraft**

UAVs are aircraft within the meaning of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Convention, 1944 (§8 of Chicago Convention). As per §3 of Chicago Convention, the ICAO rules do not apply to state (military) aircraft. The airworthiness and safety associated with flying UAV in segregated area (military airspace) are therefore state responsibility. However, special political agreement will be required if the military UAVs fly over the territory of another state (§8 of the ICAO). Further, §20 of the ICAO requires each UAV to bear registration and nationality mark, and §8 requires special authorization of state (military) for UAV to fly over its area. And above all article, §33 requires UAVs to have current certifi-

Though UAVs are employed in segregated areas at present, there is a consensus view within the aerospace industry that the time is ripe when both manned and unmanned aerial vehicles will share the common airspace. Thus, the process of integrating the manned aircraft and UAV in the national airspace has to be accepted and regulated. This needs to regulate the operation of UAV on the one hand, and at the same time, the UAVs themselves have to be certified to be airworthy by regulatory organizations. Further, regulatory activities of air traffic management for integrating UAV in non-segregated airspace operations have to

a.*Certification consideration for UAV***—**as technology advances, legislations need to be enacted to avoid proliferation. Existing regulatory procedure for manned flight cannot readily be made applicable to UAV. Therefore, suitable developments or amendments in UAV design process need to be initiated to make them acceptable in the common airspace. Besides the specialized infrastructure facilities in the air traffic management also have to be developed to fly UAV and

b.*Type certification standard*—UAV-type certification standard should in addition

• Human-machine interface (UAV pilot is deprived of the physical senses

• Ground control system and launch and recovery system should be subjected to functional hazard analysis and accordingly certified.

UAV operation has a great risk of collateral damage in the event of UAV failure. The regulatory principles thus aim to take all precautions to reduce the risk of col-

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