**Appendices and nomenclature**

**Exosomes**: are cell-derived vesicles that are present in many and perhaps all eukaryotic fluids, including blood, urine, and cultured medium of cell cultures.

**Cadherin**: is a group of cellular adhesive (membrane glycoprotein) that keeps cells tightly bound in time, favoring the organization of tissues and organs, facilitating the mobility of heterogeneous groups of cells.

**Phenotype**: A phenotype is the composite of an organism's observable characteristics or traits, such as its morphology, development, biochemical or physiological properties, behavior, and products of behavior.

**Cytokeratin**: are keratin proteins found in the intracytoplasmic cytoskeleton of epithelial tissue. They are an important component of intermediate filaments, which help cells resist mechanical stress.

**Heterozigosity**: A heterozygote is an organism that has different alleles in a gene. This organism carries different forms of a gene, where those forms produce different phenotypic results. In each case, the same gene has slight variations.

**Hybridization**: is the process of interbreeding individuals from genetically distinct populations to produce a hybrid. A genetic hybrid would therefore carry two different alleles of the same gene.

**Monosomy**: the condition of having a diploid chromosome complement in which one (usually the X) chromosome lacks its homologous partner.

**Trisomy**: is a type of polysomy in which there are three instances of a particular chromosome, instead of the normal two. A trisomy is a type of aneuploidy (an abnormal number of chromosomes).

**Deletion**: is a mutation (a genetic aberration) in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is lost during DNA replication. Any number of nucleotides can be deleted, from a single base to an entire piece of chromosome.

**Translocation**: is a chromosome abnormality caused by rearrangement of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes. A gene fusion may be created when the translocation joins two otherwise-separated genes.
