Contents



Preface

The theoretical approach of this book is to develop a primary survey of basic thermodynamic concepts, allowing one to predict states of a fuel cell system, including its potential, temperature, pressure, volume, and moles. The specific topics explored include enthalpy, entropy, specific heat, Gibbs free energy, net output voltage irreversible losses in fuel cells, and fuel cell efficiency. Thermodynamics is the study of energy change from one state to another. The predictions that can be made using thermodynamic equations are essential for understanding fuel cell performance, as a fuel cell is an electrochemical device that converts the chemical energy of a fuel

Any system producing energy obeys the laws of thermodynamics. The amount of work/heat produced depends on thermodynamic values for reversible reactions, whereas for irreversible reactions overpotential is required to complete the work.

Herein is a review of modeling techniques for three types of fuel cells that are gaining industrial importance, namely, polymer electrolyte membrane (PEMFC), direct methanol (DMFC), and solid oxide (SOFC) fuel cells (FCs). The models presented are both multi-dimensional, suitable for investigating distributions, gradients, and inhomogeneities inside the cells, and zero-dimensional, which allows for fast analyses of overall performance and can be easily interfaced with or embedded in other numerical tools. The thermal dependence is considered in all models. Some special

numerical approaches for facing specific problems are also presented.

In addition, the book presents research on the F-diagram method for the solar system via a thermosyphon circulation-diagram method based on the correlation of a number of simulations and computed non-dimensional variables. Modeling conditions varies in corresponding ranges of thermosyphon with double circuit circulation of the solar system. By means of the F-diagram method, environmental monthly temperature values with correction index have been computed, showing that the monthly average daily heating degree and direct solar radiation decrease

Starting from the equation of Einstein, the next chapter proposes a simple and fundamental presentation of fission and fusion principles, together with some of their applications, including in nuclear reactors and nuclear propulsion vessels and submarines. Fission and fusion are chosen as the most important forms of nuclear

Renewable energies, which are by nature variable, are subject to both daily and/ or seasonal intermittencies. Electrochemical devices have been successful in proving their applicability in terms of energy storage (power to gas). Controlling in real time, predicting the performance is the advantage that electrochemical

Regarding how to build simple models of PEMFC for fast computation, Artificial Intelligence and mathematic tools can make smart grids smarter. The electrochemical

and an oxidant gas (air) into electrical energy.

according to weather conditions.

generators can offer.

energy directly related with the equation of Einstein.
