**Acknowledgements**

*Thermodynamics and Energy Engineering*

*7.2.2 Study of spinel titanium oxides*

 *insertion reactions.*

Dong et al. [217]. High selectivity for Li<sup>+</sup>

in a 120 mg L<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>

1.55 V (vs. Li/Li+

**Figure 9.**

*and (b) Li<sup>+</sup>*

of 39.43 mg g<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>

**8. Conclusions**

and hybrid electric vehicles.

electro dialysis and so on.

The LTO-type LISs represent the different types of spinel titanium oxides that are derived from spinel precursors Li4Ti5O12. In the field of lithium-ion batteries, spinel Li4Ti5O12 is seen as one of the most promising future anode candidates for large-scale lithium-ion batteries used for hybrid electric vehicles or power electric vehicles. Through high efficient due to high potential during charge and discharge of about

*Schematic representation in spinel manganese oxides by the composite mechanism (a) Li+*

216]. There is great potential for the development of spinel Li4Ti5O12 in the extraction of lithium from aqueous solutions. High capacity lithium has on LIS (H4Ti5O12) and due to stronger Ti–O bond cycling performance is better than that of manganese-type LISs. Withal, Li4Ti5O12 has an identical chemical structure like Li4Mn5O12 (**Figure 9**). Nevertheless, as far as we know, there are currently very limited reports on the property of extracting lithium from H4Ti5O12. A three-dimensionally ordered precursor to nano Li4Ti5O12 using colloidal PMMA crystal matrices developed by

sieve and good stability to acid. LISs H4Ti5O12 with nanotube morphology synthesized by an ordinary two-stage hydrothermal process presented a lithium capacity

Lithium is one of the rarest metals with various applications and the demand for lithium will increase with the ever-increasing use of electric and electronic devices

Therefore, the search for ways to obtain lithium from water sources suitable for the production of lithium compounds is a serious and very important problem. Various methods have been given in the literature for lithium recovery from brines, seawater and geothermal water: including precipitation, solvent extraction, selective membrane separation, liquid-liquid extraction, ion exchange adsorption,

), good cycle property and good heat resistance and security [214–

, 56.81 mg g<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>

in lithium solution reported by Moazeni et al. [39].

showed corresponding ion

 *extraction reactions* 

**210**

The authors gratefully acknowledge partial financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1607123 and 21773170), the Key Projects of Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (18JCZDJC10040), the Major Special Projects of Tibet Autonomous Region (XZ201801-GB-01) and the Yangtze Scholars and Innovative Research Team of the Chinese University (IRT\_17R81).
