**1. Introduction**

High Risk mothers in the postnatal period are those mothers who are at the risk of their lives because of the complication occurs in the postnatal periods. These complications are usually life threatening if not treated at the earliest [1].

Antenatal and intra natal period are the hardest part of a life span of a pregnant women. Mandatory Antenatal visits and Maternal and Child Health services provided by the government with hand holding national programs and schemes have converted this tough path into safe and smooth platform [1].

Similarly postnatal period is equally important in the life of a new mother. The transition has already been set up by creating fourth stage of pregnancy instead of traditional three stages.

It's not always over subsequent to delivery. Still a successful delivery can put the mother into High risk Situations. Mother has to face many challenges in Postnatal Period. The major cause of Maternal Mortality Rate are the Postnatal conditions of which lays the mothers into high risk conditions like Postpartum Haemorrhage, Postpartum Eclampsia, Puerperal Infections etc. Major Maternal health challenges in the postpartum period [2]. There are many factors associated with that especially the cases which are unidentified. The lack of knowledge as well as skill to identify and mange is the prime concern. As soon as mother discharge from the hospital after two days one should not presume that things are over. Therefore Post-natal visits are planned by the government to follow up the mothers as they are still at the risk of getting complications which can be life threatening [2].

The postnatal period is defined as the first six weeks after birth and is considered as one of the critical periods for the health as well as survival of the mother and her neonate. It is the most critical time for both mother and child during labour and moments after delivery up till puerperium. Negligence in detecting crucial symptoms and care during this period can result into death and disability [2].

The World Health Organization (WHO) described that the postnatal period is one of the most dangerous and still most neglected period during the life of the mother. Maximum number of the maternal and neonatal deaths happens to be in this period especially in first 24 hours [1] and 66% occur during the first week [3].

Reports of maternal mortality across the globe indicate the maximum number of deaths of women is from complications which are al the most supplementary to postnatal problems, and not merely antenatal problems and problems ascending throughout the birthing process [3]. That is why Government is making mandatory protocol of postnatal visits. A complete assessment is in post-partum period suggested in 12 weeks for assurance. The suggestive care should primarily emphasis on immediate requirements and high risks for morbidity and mortality. After that the process of care should be shifted for chronic conditions, maintenance and rehabilitation. Initial Postnatal visits should assess problems from pregnancy as well as common high risk postpartum complications. Following care should focus a full bio psychosocial assessment and other needs for further problems [3].

These indicators are more than enough to suggest the importance and significance of postnatal time period.

A Substantial growth strategy has been tried and implemented globally to improve maternal health. 72% of women delivered with the help of skilled personnel around the world, and the maternal mortality ratio also has decreased considerably 210 per 1 lakh live births. The condition is not same across. South East Asia and in the sub Saharan part of Africa only 67% of women go for skilled assistance deliveries [3]. Postnatal care has reached across the world but hardly a smaller amount women usually receive standard postnatal care visit within 2 days after postpartum period [4]. The same has been justified by the investigation of Demographic and Health Survey data which was obtained from 23 sub-Saharan African countries which stated that barely 13 percent of the women had received care within 2 days of postnatal period [4].

The guidelines on postnatal care released globally for mothers and new-borns has recently been updated by World Health Organisation through a technical consultation process. These guidelines addressed and emphasised upon the time and activities to be done for the postnatal care for mothers and new-borns and focused on settings which has limited resources especially in the in low and the middle income group of countries [4]. They emphasised the additional references *Identification and Management of High Risk Complications during Postnatal Period… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97533*

which are meant for on maternal, perinatal and new-born health [5]. They also elaborated the recommendations which are exclusively meant for type of health care worker who can practice safety measures for delivery and new-born health care interventions [6].

It is not always over after delivery. Even a successful delivery can put the mother into High risk Situations. Mother may have to face many challenges in Postnatal Period. The major cause of Maternal Mortality Rate are the Postnatal conditions of which lays the mothers into high risk conditions like Postpartum Haemorrhage, Postpartum Eclampsia, Puerperal Infections etc. are health challenges in the postpartum period.

## **2. High risk postpartum complications**

Postpartum period is usually bifurcated in three phases; the initial or acute phase, which is the period between 6 to 12 hours after delivery; sub acute phase, which lasts for about 2 to 6 weeks after delivery, and the delayed phase, which can last up to six months [19]. Near about 87–94% of women report at least one major health issue in sub-acute phase [20]. Almost 31% of women reported problems in late Phase [7].

#### **2.1 Acute phase**

The common complications in the acute phase are Post partum hemorrhage, Perineal pain. Post partum hemorrhage is one of the high risk complication.

Postpartum haemorrhage is a condition which involves loss of blood which usually takes place within the 24 hours after the childbirth. The hours are considered to be the most critical in assessing the abnormal bleeding [7].

#### **2.2 Subacute phase**

The common complication Puerperal genital infection, Post partum Eclamsia, HELLP syndrome, Post partum urinary incontinence, Fouls smelling lochia, Post partum depression and stress. In this phase the infection may leads to sepsis also.

Puperal genital infection is one of the post-natal complication in displayed with symptoms of fever accompanied by chills and foul smelling vaginal discharge. It involves an inclusive range of postpartum infections which are caused by bacteria and involves interior of the uterus or the genital tract as common sites. There are few other also like Post-natal depression**,** Breast engorgement etc. Out of these Postpartum Haemorrhage and Puerperal Infection are leading the board.

Postpartum Eclampsia is a condition where mother have high blood pressure and Proteinuria along with the additional symptoms which includes headache, pain in the upper abdomen and visual disturbances [8].

#### **2.3 Delayed phase**

The complications in delayed phase are Fecal incontinence, Pelvic Prolapse Post partum thyroiditis etc.

Postpartum Haemorrhage (PPH) is the extreme abnormal bleeding which happens after the childbirth. Bleeding within the limits is normal after the childbirth but the major worry and distress arises when the loss of blood is more than 500 ml after normal vaginal delivery and 1000 ml in caesarean after the expulsion of the placenta [7].

Primary Post-Partum Haemorrhage is when the bleeding happens to be within first 24 hours after the delivery whereas any excessive and abnormal bleeding which happens after 24 hours and up till 6 weeks after the delivery is called secondary Post-Partum Haemorrhage [9].

Across the globe about 1.2 per cent of the deliveries are some or other way correlated to the Post-Partum Haemorrhage especially in the developing countries. Out of those almost 3% of the women die because of this cause. This complication has taken the score board to 30% deaths of women in India [10].

Post-Partum haemorrhage (PPH) occurs quite frequently after delivery. The incidence of PPH after the vaginal delivery has been reported between 2 to 4 and same after caesarean section accounts to 6 percent [8]. OverallPost-Partum haemorrhage accounts 28% for the maternal mortality in developing countries and 13% maternal deaths in high income countries and if counted worldwide it is 35% [10].

Secondary postpartum haemorrhage is classically defined as haemorrhage in excess of lochia occurring after the 24 hours of the delivery up till six weeks of the post-partum. The rationale behind differentiating these two types of PPH lies in the fact that the predominant causes leading to these are different. Uterine atony is the most common cause of primary postpartum haemorrhage, retained products of conception cause secondary PPH most of the time [10].

Secondary postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is a condition wherein excessive abnormal vaginal bleeding happens after twenty four hours of the delivery up to 6 weeks of the postpartum period. Primary postpartum haemorrhage has clear cut defining limits of the blood loss whereas on the other side, Secondary PPH doesn't have a clear idea and standard defined limits for quantity of the blood loss. The clinical language of Secondary PPH varies from increased lochia to immense bleeding. Therefore diagnosis is sometimes subjective in nature which leads to frequent variations in recorded incidence. Some times for the mothers also it is very difficult to decide whether they are having secondary PPH or not [11].

Secondary PPH can be caused by numerous other etiological factors, the significant among which are, primary sub involution of placental bed, endometritis, pseudoanuerysm of the uterine artery, non-union of uterine incision etc. [10–13] Other rare causes of PPH have also been reported [12, 13]. There is ample data exists in the available literature exploring the primary PPH but secondary PPH has not been considered and explored with similar enthusiasm. The reason is simply because secondary PPH is not perceived to contribute much to the maternal mortality and morbidity. Data from Indian subcontinent is sparse [14].

Another one of the important postnatal complication which put the mother into high risk is Puerperal Infection. A puerperal infection happens when bacteria contaminate the uterus and its surrounding areas after a woman gives birth.

Puerperal Infection is counted as the third most critical reason for the deaths of the mothers of across worldwide after haemorrhage and abortion. World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated that this complication accounts for 15% of the all maternal deaths annually. It is the 6th leading cause of the global burden of the diseases in women in reproductive age groups especially in low and middle income countries. This complication leads to enduring health problems in later life of women like pelvic inflammatory disease, and infertility. It usually happens as infection of the genital tract during postpartum period along with the symptoms of Fever more than 101°F, pain in the pelvic region, foul smelling vaginal discharge may or may not include pus, and slow or delayed involution of the uterus. It is a more generic than puerperal sepsis as it comprises all extra-genital infections and other incidental infections along with puerperal sepsis [15].

Sample Registration System in India estimated that almost 11% maternal deaths happened in the year 2011–2013 were due to puerperal sepsis [16]. As per *Identification and Management of High Risk Complications during Postnatal Period… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97533*

population based study in rural areas of Maharashtra state puerperal sepsis was leading on the second number as major cause of maternal mortality with the figures of 13.2% followed by postpartum haemorrhage and same has been found 12% in Pune [16].

Puerperal infection is very much preventable. An effective provision of sufficient antenatal care, a quick and effective referral system and on dot time availability of the early management and treatment are mandate for the prevention.

Similarly a very rarest complication can emerged called Postpartum Eclampsia. This is the condition which usually emerged with 48 hours of post-partum period and sometimes after 48 hours which is often called late onset of Postpartum Eclampsia [8]. The warning sign includes stomach pain, headache, vision changes and shortness of breath. It's significant to identify that delivery is not the end point for preeclampsia rather woman can develop preeclampsia the delivery also, despite the status of high blood pressure during her pregnancy [8].

The immense role of community health workers in the health care system is considered as one of the crucial component to comply with the targeted goals of the health care sector.

Nursing training in India starts with the certificate and diploma courses and went up to graduate, Postgraduate and Doctorate levels. The most common levels found in the first Health Visitors.

### **3. Role of ground level health workers**

The Rural sector in India is mostly taken care by First level of Health care delivery system which are Sub centres, Primary Health centres and Rural Health Centres. The major Nursing health task force working in the field are Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANMs) and Local Health Visitors (LHVs). These are mostly responsible for the postnatal visits at home and will do the follow up. They assess the mothers and deliver need base care [17].

Post-natal care has transformed unexpectedly over the past many years. The time period in the Maternity areas has been reduced progressively from one week to two days. After that either the mother has to come up to the health centres for the follow up or the Ground level health task force i.e. ANMs or LHVs has to extend the doorstep health service for them those who aren't/can't come to the centre [18].

The ANMs and LHVs are the first baseline and front workers who develops the bond and interact with the mother when she go back home after the delivery, even after the one week of the childbirth [19]. This period is a very much susceptible time to relook the things with new challenges with baby. Women need someone with whom she can contact for required information and adequate support. The body, mind and social changes may signify certain hurdles and challenges for the women concerned after the delivery. Lack of proper knowledge, information and support may be very dangerous as it may lead to endanger mother's life. The abnormal sign and symptoms may appear normal to the mother and she may not able to identify those as serious complications. This lead to increase the risk of morbidly and mortality [19].

Immediate complications after the delivery are usually taken care by the Hospital/ Health centre staff as mother stays at the health care facilities up till 48 hours. Many times mothers don't come for the Postnatal Follow up at the health centre. At this point of time ANMs and LHVs do visit their homes and do the assessment.

The ground level nursing cadre plays an imperative part in the identification and management of complications arises when mothers leave hospital and goes to their homes but they are still in the postnatal period. Therefore the complete onus lies on their shoulders to bring the high risk mothers into the picture [20].

Though government has taken the initiatives and Skill birth attendant programs but still gaps are available. Many studies had been piloted to recognize the level of knowledge and skills in the past for health care workers especially ANMs LHVs, and even skill birth attendants. According to study conducted by WHO [15] stating the level and knowledge of skilled workers in maternity areas and extended the ways forwards too. The study results explained that professional nurses have 57% and auxiliary nurses have 51% knowledge asked as per the knowledge questionnaire. As far as skill is concerned the scores for these groups falls at the level of 64% and results were statistically significant at 0.001. The way forward recommended by WHO is to bridge the identified gaps in competency levels and enhance the training levels for better results [15].
