**5. Man-rated Mars exploration demands**

*"Everything we love about civilization is a product of intelligence, so amplifying our human intelligence with artificial intelligence has the potential of helping civilization flourish like never before – as long as we manage to keep the technology beneficial [30]."*

During a Mars exploration, the crew will be isolated from any civilization. It will be extracted from the ongoing relationships it has experienced on earth, and will be associated to a new micro-society with its own spatial restriction, social deprivation and cultural organization [31]. All of these variables are exacerbated with time. In anthropology, the qualitative description of living rules, working habits, specific customs, and values of remote tribes allow to understand how they behave differently than other self-sufficient groups [32] and how they survive.

Autonomy of the crew [33, 34] is one demand for Mars exploration in technology for life-Support systems [35], and on humanity for a controlled environmental system and an ecological evolution. This advances the field of collective intelligence for survivability from earth to space.

Heterogeneity of the crew [36] is a second demand. Future crews of three to six members, mixed-gender and multi-cultural compositions would be core features of terrestrials gathered for deep space exploration [37]. The operating rules of an isolated and confined crew could thus be compared to the laws governing self-organizing systems. These laws are based on the heterogeneity of their own elements like a thermodynamic model. AI could serve such a group model. It is a dynamic organization where all the forces are in equilibrium and regulated to obtain optimal efficiency structure [38] with multi-function integration [39].

The quantitative description of behavioral expressions of groups who differ according to gender variable, nationality variable, and time variable shows to what extent the value of diversity is a key element along with mission duration (**Figure 7**). We found differences in positive facial expressions ("smile," "laugh") and collateral acts ("scratch the head" "rub the nose") from comparative analysis in three settings during three periods of time. Firstly, the Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS-14d) was a 14-day campaign located in Utah, USA. Secondly, the Controlled Ecological Life Support system experiment (CELSS-180d) was a 180-day confinement that took place in Shenzhen, China. Thirdly, the Mars-500 experiment (MARS-520d) was a 520-day confinement that took place in Moscow, Russia, with the objective to simulate a round trip to Mars.

We observed that the rate/min of facial expressions vs. collateral acts is not significant in the international groups (MDRS-14d and MARS-520d) compared to the mono-national group (CELSS-180d) regardless the simulation time. Well-being expressed by facial expressions highly occurs in the mixed-gender group (MDRS-14d) whereas perceived stress expressed by negative collateral acts occurs in the men's group. This underscores the importance and complexity of personal, social, and cultural factors in behavioral occurrences and the related emotional feelings.

**121**

**Figure 8.**

**Figure 7.**

*Human Missions Analysis for Intelligent Missions Improvement*

*Behavioral expressions according to three group settings of Mars trip simulations (MDRS-14d: 3Ω & 3ψ;* 

*FR,US,AU,DK; CELSS-180d: 5Ω & 1ψ; CH; MARS-520d: 6Ω; RU, EU,CH).*

*Epistemological points of multidisciplinary approaches in human ethology.*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90795*

The question then arises about AI as a complex entity like a crew?

#### *Human Missions Analysis for Intelligent Missions Improvement DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90795*

*Mars Exploration - A Step Forward*

*beneficial [30]."*

for survivability from earth to space.

the objective to simulate a round trip to Mars.

**5. Man-rated Mars exploration demands**

live in space.

autistic persons with communication disorders as well in ethnic groups with their own languages [29]. They can be expressions of emotion and are built by imitation in the human-human relationship. Such associative communication could be a computerized process in human-machine learning and thus create connections between EI and AI. Cultural variable with terrestrial life imprint is another issue to

*"Everything we love about civilization is a product of intelligence, so amplifying our human intelligence with artificial intelligence has the potential of helping civilization flourish like never before – as long as we manage to keep the technology* 

ently than other self-sufficient groups [32] and how they survive.

During a Mars exploration, the crew will be isolated from any civilization. It will be extracted from the ongoing relationships it has experienced on earth, and will be associated to a new micro-society with its own spatial restriction, social deprivation and cultural organization [31]. All of these variables are exacerbated with time. In anthropology, the qualitative description of living rules, working habits, specific customs, and values of remote tribes allow to understand how they behave differ-

Autonomy of the crew [33, 34] is one demand for Mars exploration in technology for life-Support systems [35], and on humanity for a controlled environmental system and an ecological evolution. This advances the field of collective intelligence

Heterogeneity of the crew [36] is a second demand. Future crews of three to six members, mixed-gender and multi-cultural compositions would be core features of terrestrials gathered for deep space exploration [37]. The operating rules of an isolated and confined crew could thus be compared to the laws governing self-organizing systems. These laws are based on the heterogeneity of their own elements like a thermodynamic model. AI could serve such a group model. It is a dynamic organization where all the forces are in equilibrium and regulated to obtain optimal efficiency structure [38] with multi-function integration [39]. The quantitative description of behavioral expressions of groups who differ according to gender variable, nationality variable, and time variable shows to what extent the value of diversity is a key element along with mission duration (**Figure 7**). We found differences in positive facial expressions ("smile," "laugh") and collateral acts ("scratch the head" "rub the nose") from comparative analysis in three settings during three periods of time. Firstly, the Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS-14d) was a 14-day campaign located in Utah, USA. Secondly, the Controlled Ecological Life Support system experiment (CELSS-180d) was a 180-day confinement that took place in Shenzhen, China. Thirdly, the Mars-500 experiment (MARS-520d) was a 520-day confinement that took place in Moscow, Russia, with

We observed that the rate/min of facial expressions vs. collateral acts is not significant in the international groups (MDRS-14d and MARS-520d) compared to the mono-national group (CELSS-180d) regardless the simulation time. Well-being expressed by facial expressions highly occurs in the mixed-gender group (MDRS-14d) whereas perceived stress expressed by negative collateral acts occurs in the men's group. This underscores the importance and complexity of personal, social, and cultural factors in behavioral occurrences and the related emotional feelings.

The question then arises about AI as a complex entity like a crew?

**120**

*Behavioral expressions according to three group settings of Mars trip simulations (MDRS-14d: 3Ω & 3ψ; FR,US,AU,DK; CELSS-180d: 5Ω & 1ψ; CH; MARS-520d: 6Ω; RU, EU,CH).*

Man-rated Mars exploration demands are to consider the personal value [40], the mixed-gender [41], and the cultural value [42] of a human mission and to take into account this diversity value as inputs of AI like variations of outputs generated by the machine. An intelligent mission becomes a multi-variable system with strategic processes, adapted processes, and cooperative processes that are running in synergy and that inject multi-sensorial inputs in the crew's EI. We hypothesize that such multiplicity improves over time. Monotony is prevented by roboticautomation tasks and autonomy is ensured by human-dependent actions.

The global demand is multidisciplinary in order to make human-machine interaction evolve. The evolutionary model of the human species is punctuated by so many disciplines that are points of organization from philosophical roots, to the naturalist current, to human ethology (**Figure 8**). Aristotle described behavioral traits from the perspective of a classification, that is, species taxonomy, to complete the anatomical and morphological image. From these epistemological nodes, integrated approaches such as psycho-physiology, neuro-ethology, communicativenetworks, telemedicine, cognitive-psychology, and AI as the very last point of integration and evolution of the human species on other planets flourish. The whole approach is systemic [43] and is both behavioral and computational.
