**3. Strategy, adaptation, and cooperation**

Such an approach is not only concerned with the result of the behavior, that is, performances, but also with the motor patterns leading to it, that is, behavioral strategies. They are a synergy of abilities that could be a high-level plan to achieve goals under extreme conditions involving both strategic planning and strategic thinking [10]. As a cognitive activity, it produces decision-making and thus a motor activity follows to perform the task for the success of the mission goal.

During the Aragatz mission, the astronaut in EVA carried out procedures according to a checklist consistent with the operation called ERA. The final technical condition was a deployed structure (**Figure 3**). The final human action was a kick in the compact package (**Figure 4**).

During simulations in water immersion, the operator followed motor sequences as we analyzed them with numerical methods. Strain arms followed by grasp hands followed by release hands followed by keep still, then manipulate followed by release hand followed by flex arms, are motor patterns in neutral buoyancy. The task automation

**117**

**Figure 4.**

*Human Missions Analysis for Intelligent Missions Improvement*

could be performed by a robot as by the astronaut in nominal situation. Because of off-nominal conditions with the negative goal of failure, Jean-Loup Chretien's strategy was to add a new action that was not learned and not repeated before but efficient for a positive final goal. On one hand, there is the reliability of robots and on the other hand, there is the adaptability of man to his environmental conditions. In ethology, the behavioral manifestations are optimized relationships between the individual and the environment. Such adaptive strategies can be built as an action pattern occurs in an

*Motor sequences of the astronaut during the ERA operation in orbital flight (red) and in swimming pool (blue).*

Adaptation capacities could be factors of human intelligence. In psychology, the intelligence quotient is a total score derived from standardized tests obtained by dividing a person's mental age score [12] but not necessary from measurements of coping skills. In biology, humans face basically the same adaptive challenges as all organisms on earth but they are complex in having most of their adaptation trans-

Quantitative descriptions of the sensory-motor adaptation from the early seconds in parabolic flights to the first days and last days in orbital flights, then on the social adaptation over long-duration analog missions for future Mars exploration,

We found spontaneous [13], preliminary, and integrative stages of behavioral adaptation, emphasizing new relationships between the body references and those of the surrounding world [14]. Such experiences lead the subject to develop a new mental representation of space [15]. The adaptive model refers to the sensory-motor sphere and neuro-physiological sphere like a "hard" system that acts to recover its main equilibrium in terms of conservative regulation with respect to a mismatching physical environment. At the highest levels, human brain is one of the most amazing systems as biological organ, functional machine or supercomputer [16]. Connections are done through a "soft" system with new adaptive strategies. For instance, stage by stage, the astronaut's motor actions are to manipulate floating objects and to move upside down, which show he is exploiting new possibilities of the weightlessness conditions. Human intelligence

is incremented with motor experience just as advanced machine learning.

environment [11] with unexpected events or untrained conditions.

mitted culturally upon experience.

offer an overview of human intelligence.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90795*

**Figure 3.** *EVA in water immersion during the ERA operation.*

#### *Human Missions Analysis for Intelligent Missions Improvement DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90795*

**Figure 4.**

*Mars Exploration - A Step Forward*

(with regard to the three-dimensional environment).

**3. Strategy, adaptation, and cooperation**

kick in the compact package (**Figure 4**).

Right now, the interface between the human observer and *The Observer XT®* software is not computerized. Because of the complexity of the behavior to be analyzed, the ethologist's eye remains an essential tool. We can use techniques like the newly developed Facial Action Coding System [8] first adopted by psychologists [9]. It is a common standard to systematically categorize the physical expression of emotions, but it does not integrate the behavioral activity from the human repertoire as a whole, that is, in egocentric references (with regard to the subject), allocentric references (with regard to the other subjects), and geocentric references

Such an approach is not only concerned with the result of the behavior, that is, performances, but also with the motor patterns leading to it, that is, behavioral strategies. They are a synergy of abilities that could be a high-level plan to achieve goals under extreme conditions involving both strategic planning and strategic thinking [10]. As a cognitive activity, it produces decision-making and thus a motor

activity follows to perform the task for the success of the mission goal.

During the Aragatz mission, the astronaut in EVA carried out procedures according to a checklist consistent with the operation called ERA. The final technical condition was a deployed structure (**Figure 3**). The final human action was a

During simulations in water immersion, the operator followed motor sequences as we analyzed them with numerical methods. Strain arms followed by grasp hands followed by release hands followed by keep still, then manipulate followed by release hand followed by flex arms, are motor patterns in neutral buoyancy. The task automation

**116**

**Figure 3.**

*EVA in water immersion during the ERA operation.*

*Motor sequences of the astronaut during the ERA operation in orbital flight (red) and in swimming pool (blue).*

could be performed by a robot as by the astronaut in nominal situation. Because of off-nominal conditions with the negative goal of failure, Jean-Loup Chretien's strategy was to add a new action that was not learned and not repeated before but efficient for a positive final goal. On one hand, there is the reliability of robots and on the other hand, there is the adaptability of man to his environmental conditions. In ethology, the behavioral manifestations are optimized relationships between the individual and the environment. Such adaptive strategies can be built as an action pattern occurs in an environment [11] with unexpected events or untrained conditions.

Adaptation capacities could be factors of human intelligence. In psychology, the intelligence quotient is a total score derived from standardized tests obtained by dividing a person's mental age score [12] but not necessary from measurements of coping skills. In biology, humans face basically the same adaptive challenges as all organisms on earth but they are complex in having most of their adaptation transmitted culturally upon experience.

Quantitative descriptions of the sensory-motor adaptation from the early seconds in parabolic flights to the first days and last days in orbital flights, then on the social adaptation over long-duration analog missions for future Mars exploration, offer an overview of human intelligence.

We found spontaneous [13], preliminary, and integrative stages of behavioral adaptation, emphasizing new relationships between the body references and those of the surrounding world [14]. Such experiences lead the subject to develop a new mental representation of space [15]. The adaptive model refers to the sensory-motor sphere and neuro-physiological sphere like a "hard" system that acts to recover its main equilibrium in terms of conservative regulation with respect to a mismatching physical environment. At the highest levels, human brain is one of the most amazing systems as biological organ, functional machine or supercomputer [16]. Connections are done through a "soft" system with new adaptive strategies. For instance, stage by stage, the astronaut's motor actions are to manipulate floating objects and to move upside down, which show he is exploiting new possibilities of the weightlessness conditions. Human intelligence is incremented with motor experience just as advanced machine learning.

In this regard, the issues currently being raised are on one side, to what extend human adaptability is required for Mars exploration and on the other side, to what extend machine learning capability is involved for Mars exploration?

Cooperation should be emphasized. We need to take carefully into account the Human Factors (HFs) in regard to their diversity and the quality of relations between heterogeneous partners: human-human; man-robot or AI; machinemachine [17]. When the astronaut Jean-Loup Chretien makes a decision and finds a solution to anomalies in the equipment, thus HF are positive. But operational error detection has to be improved for preventing negative HFs. For instance, automated techniques for routine monitoring during space operations may be appropriate in future missions [18]. Nevertheless, an ethological monitoring performed during routine operations at a Networks Operation Center (NOC) on ground showed increasing human-human verbal interactions as optimizing behavior in the task progress [5]. Cooperative systems could be implemented.

One improvement facilitator is while a crew has to cope with monotony, robot or AI can implement automatic tasks. During long-duration isolation and confinement periods, human behavior is cyclic over time for breaking up monotonous tasks [19] whereas a robot or AI is constant over time and can supplement. Another example, Rover curiosity helps in enriching the curiosity of earthmen and updates their knowledge of planet Mars [20]. It becomes the eyes of human observer in that cooperation.
