**2.1 Observation**

*Mars Exploration - A Step Forward*

**Figure 1.**

(AI) for intelligent missions improvement.

(south-polar stations, north-pole expeditions).

**2. Ethological analysis based on numerical methods**

prominent over time. Thus, the next big step of human beings from earth to space (**Figure 1**) is to link up human individual intelligence with artificial intelligence

*Evolutionary steps from Earth to Space (extract from picture © Cité de l'Espace—Toulouse).*

Since 30 years in the space domain [4, 5], ethology, defined as the science of behavior, has covered a wide panel of application fields on men and women living and working in real situations (orbital flights, parabolic flights), in simulated conditions (isolation and confinement campaigns), and in analog environments

In its operational definition "behavior is the expression, the emergence, here and now, of a historical system constituted by the individual and his own universe" [6]. Behavior falls within the scope of phenomena and not physico-chemical objects. This phenomenon appears as a motor activity performed by a subject and represents a continuous manifestation. There is always an action or fact to describe even when the subject is at rest. Such a description leads to a large volume of discursive

**114**

**Figure 2.**

*Ethological tools related to The Observer XT software.*

In human ethology, the method is to observe the subject's behavior in usual activities. It can be not only acts of daily life, leisure, execution of work tasks but also in experimental situations or the performance of tests. A special feature of this approach is to exploit the field of observable events. Everything is observable to the extent that the relationship between the individual and his environment emerges, that is, is objectively visible. The observer's eye remains irreplaceable for describing behavior in all its complexity (positions, orientations, motions, expressions, interactions, and communications).
