*4.1.2 Mineral supplementation*

Minerals have an important role in the reproduction of domestic animals, and their deficiency can cause several reproductive disorders. Deficiency of calcium is very common in postpartum cattle. Any alteration in Ca:P ration can affect the pituitary secretion and subsequently ovarian function [8]. This can cause delayed puberty, irregular estrus, etc. The optimum ratio of Ca:P should be within 1.5:1–2.5:1. Excess calcium is also harmful as it can disturb the absorption of other minerals. Phosphorus is a very important mineral for the normal reproduction. In the case of phosphorus deficiency, several disorders can be observed like delayed maturity, low conception rate, inactive ovary, etc. [8]. There are reports of other reproductive problems in areas with phosphorus deficiency. It includes silent estrus, delayed puberty, irregular estrus, and long inter-calving period [9]. Sodium and potassium are also necessary for maintaining normal reproductive physiology and energy metabolism, though excess consumption of potassium can cause a problem. Other trace minerals like zinc, selenium, cobalt, iodine, chromium, etc. also have a prominent role in the reproduction of domestic animals. Animals can come into anestrus if proper nutrition is not provided. So, feeding management should be the first approach to prevent the problem of anestrus. Minerals should be supplemented in optimum quantity. The use of area-specific mineral mixture should be encouraged.

## *4.1.3 Uterine and ovarian massage*

It is the most economical method for the treatment of anestrus. In this method, gentle massage of the uterus and ovary is done perrectally. There are reports which state about its utilization in estrus induction. There is no clear mechanism of action of this method. Possibly, it can be attributed to increased blood circulation on the surface of the ovary and stimulation of ovarian intrinsic factors [10, 11]. Application of this method needs experts who have a good idea about the anatomy of female reproductive system.
