*5.2.5 Managemental interference*

In general management has a tremendous role in the reproduction of animals. Proper nutritional management of the herd is essential for successful implementation of several synchronization programs in both cows and heifers. Managemental procedures like timed insemination and calf removal have been reported to be useful for synchronization of estrus and may also be applied in most of the synchronization programs for better results. Usually conception rates on timed insemination are lower than for visual observation. However, this lower conception rate may be counterbalanced by the reduction in management from timed insemination. Suckling frequency of calves causes a hormonal response which inhibits return to estrus, which is evident in beef cows. Short-term calf removal combined with other forms of synchronization increases estrus synchrony and conception rates in cows. Even a 48-hour calf removal alone has been shown to cause synchrony and cyclicity in some cows. This procedure is suitable, but requires better management and good facilities to prevent separated cows and calves from rejoining with each other.
