Postharvest Treatment of Tropical Fruits Pineapple (*Ananas comosus*), Mamey (*Mammea americana*), and Banana (*Musa paradisiaca*) by Means of a Solar Dryer Designed

*Italo Pedro Bello Moreira, Edgar Ruperto Macías Ganchozo, Xavier Enrique Anchundia Muentes, Celio Danilo Bravo Moreira, Manuel Eduardo Anchundia Muentes, Hebert Edison Vera Delgado and Carlos Eduardo Anchundia Betancourt*

#### **Abstract**

The objective of this research was to know the useful life of dehydrated tropical fruits based on a solar dryer designed and developed under the conditions of Calceta, Bolívar Canton of the Province of Manabí, Ecuador. The physical and chemical characteristics exhibited during the radiation dehydration process were satisfactory, in fresh pineapple from 86.36% low humidity to 21.07%, from 0.67% protein to 2.45%, and from 2.05% fiber to 3.73%; in mamey from 79.30 to 21.07%, from 0.41 to 2.55%, and from 2.50 to 4.94%; and in bananas with from 80.22 to 10.35%, from 1.27 to 2.14%, and from 0.88 to 2.42. Microbiological analyses determined the life span of the products estimated at 174, 106, and 109 days, respectively, in pineapple, mamey, and banana. As for the attributes measured with the 1–5 scale of sensory evaluation, the mean treatments of their attributes such as color, sweetness, appearance, and taste were demonstrated where bananas present better color attributes with 4.38; 4.58, sweetness; 4.58, texture;4.68, appearance; and 4.75, flavor. Where significant diffraction can be determined relative to the calculated value p > 0.05 of <0.0001, the R<sup>2</sup> statistic in pineapple indicates 48.0814% variability in decreasing moisture pineapple (DMP), and its correlation coefficient is equal to 0.693408; the R<sup>2</sup> statistic in mamey indicates 55.6423% variability in decreasing moisture mamey (DMM), and its correlation coefficient is equal to 0.745938; and finally the R2 statistic in banana indicates 56.339% variability in decreasing moisture banana (DMB), and its correlation coefficient is equal to 0.750593, indicating a moderately strong relationship between variables in all cases. **Keywords:** absorption, convective multiflash drying process (CMDF), fruit dehydration, fruit postharvest, solar energy, water activity

**3. Design and construction of solar dryer**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90120*

dehydrator for the fruits (see [7]) (**Figures 2** and **3**).

*Schematic view of experimental setup with solar flat plate collector.*

**3.1 System dimensioning**

1353 W•m<sup>2</sup>

**Figure 1.**

**21**

*3.1.1 Collector area calculation*

Busy strip (1.8 1.0) m. 1.80 m2

A dryer is used in heating the air by a 1 mm solar flat panel, insulated drying chamber equipped with stove where air is released for exhaust purposes. **Figure 1** describes the landscape of empirical or experimental distribution. The rustic surface of the solar collector is 0.5 0.5 1 m with a height of 0.7 m. The solar air heater is based on a folded suction plate with a dark bluish-look dyed uve (V) representation wood, as regards the exclusion of corresponding spaces on the sides as well as on the upper; the glass sheet was sealed with silicone-based material, diagonal to 15o, towards a dorsal part of the receiver (collector); a perforation was worked to carry out ventilation activities in the manner of air currents in other instances the side part, a lami was located a lami na (FV) photovoltaic to be able to understand the photoelectric effects that come from solar radiation, so with the receiver (collector) to dehydrate the fruits were stained bone white in all its accesses, covered with aluminum plate; the entrance had five ships distributed at a distance of 15 cm between each of them. The container was made of an aluminum-based wire mesh and glued to the frame inside the drying chamber. The collector outlet air enters the drying chamber at the bottom, immediately flowing into the upward orientation using the drying material. The camera was insulated from all sides except the top, the camera was tested with a fireplace for exhaust air, and the height of the fireplace was 0.25 m. These are the aspects that contemplate the construction of the solar

*Postharvest Treatment of Tropical Fruits Pineapple (*Ananas comosus*), Mamey…*

; Global radiation on average per day

. Lots of temporary global units of solar radiation were calculated by

manipulating a solar energy meter (Tenmar TM 207) with an accuracy of

#### **1. Introduction**

In the Bolivar Canton of the city of Calceta of the Province of Manabí, Ecuador, the fruits pineapple (*Ananas comosus* (L.) Merr.), mamey (*Mammea americana* L.), and banana (*Musa paradisiaca* L.) are exuberant but due to high sugar and acid content have a limited shelf life and in many cases are wasted. Also, because these characteristics are easily adapted to conservation technologies, one of them is fundamentally dehydrated since they retain much of their taste, color, consistency, and appearance for long periods (see [1, 2]).

Sunlight from before and so far today serves to perform fruit drying as postharvest handling or conservation activity that, when purchased with other activities for the same purpose, such as chemical treatments, refrigeration, canned pre-eminence with operation, and collection even with solar drying, results in a decrease in energy expenditure spending and could therefore reach areas where other energy conveniences would not or even do not exist (see [3]).

In fruits the water present is 80.00% of its weight, for its early microbial decomposition is a definitive element. A conventional dehydrated fruit of its quality in terms of its organoleptic characteristics is lower than that of the fresh fruits from which it comes, affecting color, texture, and other peculiarities. With hot air, dehydrated fruits acquire levels of water activity (aw) ranging from 0.6 to 0.8; these levels retain their sensory properties, showing good firmness to microbial attacks (see [4]).

Convective multiflash drying (CMFD) is a matter that is obtained after being used to obtain crispy fruits, and it is an option to the freeze-drying process (see [5]).

The industrial-scale study, a simple convective solar drying process of pineapples such as a round or circular economy tactic for countries in progress is specified, which is paramount to the tactic offered. It built a manual solar dryer that runs in indirect heat mode; it was also changed to improve its gain. The three main elements were raised that affect the convective drying process, the drying time (270 min, 480 min), the intensity of the solar radiation (650 W•m�21, 100 W•m�<sup>2</sup> ), and the thickness of the cut (6–8 mm, 12–14 mm) (see [6]).

According to these instances, the aim of the research was to design and develop an empirical and practical distribution for solar dryer and drying tests to conserve the fruits and extend the shelf life, as well as organoleptic and nutritional particularities with samples of pineapple, mamey, and banana fruits in the city of Calceta, Bolívar Canton of the Province of Manabí, Ecuador.

#### **2. Climate data collection**

The research work was carried out from February to April 2013, in the school avenue of Calceta, Bolívar Canton, Province of Manabí, Ecuador, on the consecutive lines: South latitude 00<sup>0</sup> 34.22<sup>0</sup> , west latitude 80 or 10<sup>0</sup> 09.2<sup>0</sup> , average altitude of 22 masl, with a relative humidity of 90.00%, a temperature of 32.8°C, and a wind speed of 8 m.s�<sup>1</sup> , until the end of November; the respective humidity is 86.7%, the temperature is 26°C, and the speed 1.8 m.s�<sup>1</sup> (see [7]).

*Postharvest Treatment of Tropical Fruits Pineapple (*Ananas comosus*), Mamey… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90120*

### **3. Design and construction of solar dryer**

**Keywords:** absorption, convective multiflash drying process (CMDF), fruit

Sunlight from before and so far today serves to perform fruit drying as postharvest handling or conservation activity that, when purchased with other activities for the same purpose, such as chemical treatments, refrigeration, canned pre-eminence with operation, and collection even with solar drying, results in a decrease in energy expenditure spending and could therefore reach areas where

In fruits the water present is 80.00% of its weight, for its early microbial decomposition is a definitive element. A conventional dehydrated fruit of its quality in terms of its organoleptic characteristics is lower than that of the fresh fruits from which it comes, affecting color, texture, and other peculiarities. With hot air, dehydrated fruits acquire levels of water activity (aw) ranging from 0.6 to 0.8; these levels retain their sensory properties, showing good firmness to microbial attacks

Convective multiflash drying (CMFD) is a matter that is obtained after being used to obtain crispy fruits, and it is an option to the freeze-drying process

The industrial-scale study, a simple convective solar drying process of pineapples such as a round or circular economy tactic for countries in progress is specified, which is paramount to the tactic offered. It built a manual solar dryer that runs in indirect heat mode; it was also changed to improve its gain. The three main elements were raised that affect the convective drying process, the drying time (270 min, 480 min), the intensity of the solar radiation (650 W•m�21, 100 W•m�<sup>2</sup>

According to these instances, the aim of the research was to design and develop an empirical and practical distribution for solar dryer and drying tests to conserve the fruits and extend the shelf life, as well as organoleptic and nutritional particularities with samples of pineapple, mamey, and banana fruits in the city of Calceta,

The research work was carried out from February to April 2013, in the school avenue of Calceta, Bolívar Canton, Province of Manabí, Ecuador, on the consecu-

22 masl, with a relative humidity of 90.00%, a temperature of 32.8°C, and a wind

, west latitude 80 or 10<sup>0</sup>

, until the end of November; the respective humidity is 86.7%, the

09.2<sup>0</sup>

, average altitude of

),

other energy conveniences would not or even do not exist (see [3]).

and the thickness of the cut (6–8 mm, 12–14 mm) (see [6]).

34.22<sup>0</sup>

temperature is 26°C, and the speed 1.8 m.s�<sup>1</sup> (see [7]).

Bolívar Canton of the Province of Manabí, Ecuador.

**2. Climate data collection**

tive lines: South latitude 00<sup>0</sup>

speed of 8 m.s�<sup>1</sup>

**20**

In the Bolivar Canton of the city of Calceta of the Province of Manabí, Ecuador, the fruits pineapple (*Ananas comosus* (L.) Merr.), mamey (*Mammea americana* L.), and banana (*Musa paradisiaca* L.) are exuberant but due to high sugar and acid content have a limited shelf life and in many cases are wasted. Also, because these characteristics are easily adapted to conservation technologies, one of them is fundamentally dehydrated since they retain much of their taste, color, consistency, and

dehydration, fruit postharvest, solar energy, water activity

appearance for long periods (see [1, 2]).

**1. Introduction**

*Current Drying Processes*

(see [4]).

(see [5]).

A dryer is used in heating the air by a 1 mm solar flat panel, insulated drying chamber equipped with stove where air is released for exhaust purposes. **Figure 1** describes the landscape of empirical or experimental distribution. The rustic surface of the solar collector is 0.5 0.5 1 m with a height of 0.7 m. The solar air heater is based on a folded suction plate with a dark bluish-look dyed uve (V) representation wood, as regards the exclusion of corresponding spaces on the sides as well as on the upper; the glass sheet was sealed with silicone-based material, diagonal to 15o, towards a dorsal part of the receiver (collector); a perforation was worked to carry out ventilation activities in the manner of air currents in other instances the side part, a lami was located a lami na (FV) photovoltaic to be able to understand the photoelectric effects that come from solar radiation, so with the receiver (collector) to dehydrate the fruits were stained bone white in all its accesses, covered with aluminum plate; the entrance had five ships distributed at a distance of 15 cm between each of them. The container was made of an aluminum-based wire mesh and glued to the frame inside the drying chamber. The collector outlet air enters the drying chamber at the bottom, immediately flowing into the upward orientation using the drying material. The camera was insulated from all sides except the top, the camera was tested with a fireplace for exhaust air, and the height of the fireplace was 0.25 m. These are the aspects that contemplate the construction of the solar dehydrator for the fruits (see [7]) (**Figures 2** and **3**).

#### **3.1 System dimensioning**

#### *3.1.1 Collector area calculation*

Busy strip (1.8 1.0) m. 1.80 m2 ; Global radiation on average per day 1353 W•m<sup>2</sup> . Lots of temporary global units of solar radiation were calculated by manipulating a solar energy meter (Tenmar TM 207) with an accuracy of

The tools handled in the test consisted of sterilization at 180°C for 60 min according to the Medical Research Council; the chopping of the fruits was done in a sterilized part in advance rinsed with neutral soap; to quickly immerse the fruits in water with C6H8O6 ascorbic acid to prevent oxidation and then fit into the dryer, start the test by placing the dehydrator; feel this part of the dryer, facing north, so that the collector takes the sun rays east to west. Three repetitions are executed for each fruit which are delayed from 3 to 5 days for each repetition. At the end of each

*Postharvest Treatment of Tropical Fruits Pineapple (*Ananas comosus*), Mamey…*

Statistical analysis was contemplated with a complete or random design with therapizations in each of the treatments; the units are practices or experimental comprising of 4 kg of dried fruit. These results are tabulated making use of Statgraphics software and InfoStat™ 5.1TM in terms of linear regression and variance (ANOVA). To identify significant differences in treatments, as well as statistical significance for all comparisons, p < 0.05 was used. The Tukey multirange test

At the bromatology laboratories of the Agricultural Polytechnic School in Manabí Manuel Félix López (ESPAM MFL) and CE.SE. C.CA Unibersidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí (ULEAM), Manta, Ecuador, analysis of moisture, ash, proteins and fiber is conducted, and 250 g was manipulated for each sample, published

The percentage of humidity in pineapple decreased from 86.36 to 21.14%, in mamey from 79.30 to 21.07%, and banana from 80.22 to 10.35%; ashes amount in pineapple from 0.44 to 1.09%; in mamey from 0.25 to 2.66%, and in bananas from 1.12 to 2.80% indicating that in the latter, it is higher than the previous fruits. For pineapple protein amounts from 0.67 to 2.45%; for mamey from 0.41 to 2.55%, and for banana from 1.27 to 2.14%; in this case the three fruits increased their amounts, and finally the amount of fiber in pineapple is from 2.05 to 3.63%, in

**Fruit state Parameters Method Unity Pineapple Mamey Banana** Fresh fruit Moisture INEN 864 % 86.36 79.30 80.22

Dehydrated fruit Moisture INEN 864 % 21.14 21.07 10.35

Ash INEN 467 % 0.44 0.25 1.12 protein PEE/SECECCA/QC/15 % 0.67 0.41 1.27 Fiber PEE/SECECCA/QC/03 % 2.05 2.50 0.88

Ash INEN 467 % 1.09 2.66 2.80 protein PEE/SECECCA/QC/15 % 2.45 2.55 2.14 Fiber PEE/SECECCA/QC/03 % 3.63 4.94 2.42

day, the samples are wrapped in foil and sealed tightly and stored.

*3.1.4 Statistical analysis of the values by treatments*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90120*

was used to compare mean values of treatments.

**4.1 Bromatological analysis of fruits evaluated**

**4. Results**

in **Table 1**.

**Table 1.**

**23**

*Bromatological analysis on fresh and dehydrated fruits.*

**Figure 2.** *End-floor view.*

**Figure 3.** *Pair heating spray for process.*

10 W•m<sup>2</sup> . Temperature readings were recognized every hour from 8:00 am to 6:00 pm. RTD were established at the inlet and outlet of the collector (Tin, Tout), outdoors to calculate the ambient temperature (Tamb) (see [8]).

#### *3.1.2 Drying chamber*

The volume of the drying chamber was established (oven example cabinet); consecutively, the average density of the fruits to be dried was 200 Kg.m<sup>3</sup> , with a mass of 4 kg; 4/200 to 0.02 m<sup>3</sup> , being ten times more, a value close to 0 was obtained, 20 m<sup>3</sup> .

#### *3.1.3 Sterilization procedure*

The matter is formed with preparations such as tools and components which I discuss the following:

*Postharvest Treatment of Tropical Fruits Pineapple (*Ananas comosus*), Mamey… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90120*

The tools handled in the test consisted of sterilization at 180°C for 60 min according to the Medical Research Council; the chopping of the fruits was done in a sterilized part in advance rinsed with neutral soap; to quickly immerse the fruits in water with C6H8O6 ascorbic acid to prevent oxidation and then fit into the dryer, start the test by placing the dehydrator; feel this part of the dryer, facing north, so that the collector takes the sun rays east to west. Three repetitions are executed for each fruit which are delayed from 3 to 5 days for each repetition. At the end of each day, the samples are wrapped in foil and sealed tightly and stored.

#### *3.1.4 Statistical analysis of the values by treatments*

Statistical analysis was contemplated with a complete or random design with therapizations in each of the treatments; the units are practices or experimental comprising of 4 kg of dried fruit. These results are tabulated making use of Statgraphics software and InfoStat™ 5.1TM in terms of linear regression and variance (ANOVA). To identify significant differences in treatments, as well as statistical significance for all comparisons, p < 0.05 was used. The Tukey multirange test was used to compare mean values of treatments.

#### **4. Results**

#### **4.1 Bromatological analysis of fruits evaluated**

At the bromatology laboratories of the Agricultural Polytechnic School in Manabí Manuel Félix López (ESPAM MFL) and CE.SE. C.CA Unibersidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí (ULEAM), Manta, Ecuador, analysis of moisture, ash, proteins and fiber is conducted, and 250 g was manipulated for each sample, published in **Table 1**.

The percentage of humidity in pineapple decreased from 86.36 to 21.14%, in mamey from 79.30 to 21.07%, and banana from 80.22 to 10.35%; ashes amount in pineapple from 0.44 to 1.09%; in mamey from 0.25 to 2.66%, and in bananas from 1.12 to 2.80% indicating that in the latter, it is higher than the previous fruits.

For pineapple protein amounts from 0.67 to 2.45%; for mamey from 0.41 to 2.55%, and for banana from 1.27 to 2.14%; in this case the three fruits increased their amounts, and finally the amount of fiber in pineapple is from 2.05 to 3.63%, in


#### **Table 1.**

*Bromatological analysis on fresh and dehydrated fruits.*

10 W•m<sup>2</sup>

**Figure 3.**

**Figure 2.** *End-floor view.*

*Current Drying Processes*

*3.1.2 Drying chamber*

*Pair heating spray for process.*

obtained, 20 m<sup>3</sup>

mass of 4 kg; 4/200 to 0.02 m<sup>3</sup>

*3.1.3 Sterilization procedure*

discuss the following:

**22**

.

. Temperature readings were recognized every hour from 8:00 am to

6:00 pm. RTD were established at the inlet and outlet of the collector (Tin, Tout),

The volume of the drying chamber was established (oven example cabinet); consecutively, the average density of the fruits to be dried was 200 Kg.m<sup>3</sup>

The matter is formed with preparations such as tools and components which I

, being ten times more, a value close to 0 was

, with a

outdoors to calculate the ambient temperature (Tamb) (see [8]).

mamey from 2.50 to 4.94%, and in banana from 0.88 to 2.42% of the same way augments, respectively.

#### **4.2 System efficiency in each of the fruits**

**Figure 4** and **Table 2** show the moisture extracted against the emission of the radiation; according to this we manage to determine that the molecular structure of the banana facilitates the extraction more accelerated or rapidly with respect to moisture, thus following the pineapple and mamey in which it can be proven that the equipment is more efficient for banana fruit.

**Figure 5** shows the moisture variation as a function of solar radiation in the

**) Pineapple (% H) Mamey (% H) Banana (% H)**

 45.61883 46.54318 8.205 53.41883 50.89206 27.606 61.21883 55.24094 47.007 69.01883 59.58982 66.408 76.81883 63.9387 85.809 84.61883 68.28758 105.21 92.41883 72.63646 124.611 100.21883 76.98534 144.012 108.01883 81.33422 163.413 115.81883 85.6831 182.814 123.61883 90.03198 202.215 131.41883 94.38086 221.616 139.21883 98.72974 241.017

*Postharvest Treatment of Tropical Fruits Pineapple (*Ananas comosus*), Mamey…*

In a given time of 15 and 30 days for the purpose of concerning the fruit drying activities assessed, each repetition is presented with their respective microbiological examinations with units of measurement in CFU.g<sup>1</sup> which in turn were compared with Ecuadorian Standardization Service (INEN) standards with their details in maximum limits allowed; in other instances the microorganisms found in the samples requested from the microbiology laboratories of the Agricultural Polytechnic School of Manabí Manuel Félix López (ESPAM MFL) are multiplied exponentially, of mathematical type making use of exponents, i.e., the fickle x (unit of measure (d)) suppressed day presents the lifetime data for which the following are assessed:

evaluated fruits, pineapple, mamey, and banana, respectively.

*Differentiation of water vapor contents as absolute humidity according to solar radiation.*

**4.3 Microorganism tests to learn about fruit shelf life**

**Solar radiation (W • m<sup>2</sup>**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90120*

**Table 2.**

**Figure 5.**

**25**

*System efficiencies vs. dehydrated fruits.*

pineapple 174, mamey 106, and banana 109 (**Figure 6**).


*Postharvest Treatment of Tropical Fruits Pineapple (*Ananas comosus*), Mamey… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90120*

**Table 2.**

mamey from 2.50 to 4.94%, and in banana from 0.88 to 2.42% of the same way

**Figure 4** and **Table 2** show the moisture extracted against the emission of the radiation; according to this we manage to determine that the molecular structure of the banana facilitates the extraction more accelerated or rapidly with respect to moisture, thus following the pineapple and mamey in which it can be proven that

augments, respectively.

*Current Drying Processes*

**Figure 4.**

**24**

*Process flow chart of dried pineapple, mamey, and banana fruits.*

**4.2 System efficiency in each of the fruits**

the equipment is more efficient for banana fruit.

*System efficiencies vs. dehydrated fruits.*

**Figure 5.** *Differentiation of water vapor contents as absolute humidity according to solar radiation.*

**Figure 5** shows the moisture variation as a function of solar radiation in the evaluated fruits, pineapple, mamey, and banana, respectively.

#### **4.3 Microorganism tests to learn about fruit shelf life**

In a given time of 15 and 30 days for the purpose of concerning the fruit drying activities assessed, each repetition is presented with their respective microbiological examinations with units of measurement in CFU.g<sup>1</sup> which in turn were compared with Ecuadorian Standardization Service (INEN) standards with their details in maximum limits allowed; in other instances the microorganisms found in the samples requested from the microbiology laboratories of the Agricultural Polytechnic School of Manabí Manuel Félix López (ESPAM MFL) are multiplied exponentially, of mathematical type making use of exponents, i.e., the fickle x (unit of measure (d)) suppressed day presents the lifetime data for which the following are assessed: pineapple 174, mamey 106, and banana 109 (**Figure 6**).

**Figure 7.**

**Figure 8.**

**Table 3.**

**Table 4.**

**27**

*Variance analysis (SC type I).*

*Analysis of variance.*

*The valuation scale in dehydrated fruits.*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90120*

*Evaluation of dehydrated fruit acrations depending on the scale score.*

Error 60.17 285 0.21

Total 253.27 299

**Variable N R<sup>2</sup> R2**

*Postharvest Treatment of Tropical Fruits Pineapple (*Ananas comosus*), Mamey…*

Scale 300 0.76 0.75 12.87

**F.V. SC gl CM F p-value** Model 193.09 14 13.79 65.32 <0.0001 Factor A 168.56 2 84.28 399.17 <0.0001 Factor B 11.12 4 2.78 13.16 <0.0001 Factor A\*Factor B 13.42 8 1.68 7.94 <0.0001

**Aj CV**

**Figure 6.** *Shelf life for dehydrated fruits. (a) Pineapple; (b) mamey; (c) banana.*

#### **4.4 Sensory evaluation with scale 1–5**

The attributes evaluated were texture, sweetness, aspect, color, and flavor; these were calculated on the basis of the InfoStat software, allowing the most relevant characteristics of the attributes to be in their respective order for dehydrated fruits of pineapple, mamey, and banana, respectively (**Figures 7** and **8**, **Tables 3**–**5**).

*Postharvest Treatment of Tropical Fruits Pineapple (*Ananas comosus*), Mamey… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90120*

**Figure 7.** *The valuation scale in dehydrated fruits.*

#### **Figure 8.**

*Evaluation of dehydrated fruit acrations depending on the scale score.*


#### **Table 3.**

*Analysis of variance.*


#### **Table 4.**

*Variance analysis (SC type I).*

**4.4 Sensory evaluation with scale 1–5**

*Shelf life for dehydrated fruits. (a) Pineapple; (b) mamey; (c) banana.*

**Figure 6.**

*Current Drying Processes*

**26**

The attributes evaluated were texture, sweetness, aspect, color, and flavor; these were calculated on the basis of the InfoStat software, allowing the most relevant characteristics of the attributes to be in their respective order for dehydrated fruits of pineapple, mamey, and banana, respectively (**Figures 7** and **8**, **Tables 3**–**5**).


*4.5.1 Regression examination between drying temperature and receiver temperature*

*Postharvest Treatment of Tropical Fruits Pineapple (*Ananas comosus*), Mamey…*

Depending on p-value in ANOVA less than 0.01, therefore, there is a significant statistical relationship between the drying T°C and the T°C of the collector with a

R <sup>2</sup> indicates that the model exposes 59.672% variability in drying T°C, and the correlation coefficient is equal to 0.772477, therefore indicating a moderately strong

The results expose the output, and it conforms to the linear model to refer to the

Depending on p-value in the ANOVA less than 0.01, there is a significant

R2 indicates that the model exposes 48.0814% variability in DMP. The correlation coefficient is equal to 0.693408; therefore, it indicates a moderately strong relationship between the variables, and the standard error evaluation of the sample in the calculation shows that the standard deviation of the residuals is 23.4888

The effects of linear model adjustment refer to the relationship between DMP

*Drying inlet with plate temperature (a) and receiver temperature (collector) (b), where the adjusted model is*

*DMP* ¼ �1*:*18117 þ 0*:*156 ∗ *SRP* (3)

statistical relationship between DMP and SRP with a 99% level of trust.

Dependent variable (VD): decreasing moisture pineapple (DMP) Independent variable (VI): solar radiation pineapple (SRP)

*Drying T*°*C* ¼ 23*:*2088 þ 0*:*269216 ∗*Collector T*°*C* (2)

*(collector)*

level of 99% confidence.

(**Figure 9a**).

and SRP.

**Figure 9.**

*displayed.*

**29**

relationship between the variables (**Figure 9**). Regression exam/linear pattern *Y* ¼ *a* þ *b* ∗ *x* Dependent variable (VD): drying T°C Independent variable (VI): collector T°C

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90120*

relationship between the drying TOC and the collector TOC.

The equation of the adjusted model below is

The equation of the adjusted model below is

*4.5.2 Pineapple fruit and your regression exam*

Linear pattern *Y* ¼ *a* þ *b* ∗ *x*

#### **Table 5.**

*Test: Tukey Alpha = 0.05 DMS = 0.49402.*

#### **4.5 Relationship and recoil tests concerning the access temperature in dryer with the receiver access sheet (collector), as well as the radiation with the low amounts of water as absolute humidity in the fruits of pineapple, mamey, and banana**

Based on p-value in ANOVA calculated less than 0.01, therefore, there is a significant relationship from the statistical level, between the drying T°C and the plate T°C with 99% confidence level.

R2 indicates the percentage (%) variation of the response variable that explains its relationship to one or more predictor variables; it can be said that the higher the R2 , the better the arrangement of the model to the obtained data.

So according to this premise, the model exposes 61.3763% variability in drying T°C, and the correlation coefficient is equal to 0.78343; therefore, it indicates a moderately strong relationship between the variables, and the standard error evaluation shows in the calculation that the standard deviation of the residuals is 2.51359.

Regression exam/linear pattern *Y* ¼ *a* þ *b* ∗ *x:*

Dependent variable (VD): drying T°C

Independent variable (VI): plate T°C

The results expose the output, and it conforms to the linear model to refer to the relationship between the drying T°C with the plate T°C.

The equation of the adjusted model below is

$$\text{Drying } T^{\circ}C = 20.0773 + 0.275953 \ast \text{plate } T^{\circ}C \tag{1}$$

*Postharvest Treatment of Tropical Fruits Pineapple (*Ananas comosus*), Mamey… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90120*

#### *4.5.1 Regression examination between drying temperature and receiver temperature (collector)*

Depending on p-value in ANOVA less than 0.01, therefore, there is a significant statistical relationship between the drying T°C and the T°C of the collector with a level of 99% confidence.

R <sup>2</sup> indicates that the model exposes 59.672% variability in drying T°C, and the correlation coefficient is equal to 0.772477, therefore indicating a moderately strong relationship between the variables (**Figure 9**).

Regression exam/linear pattern *Y* ¼ *a* þ *b* ∗ *x*

Dependent variable (VD): drying T°C

Independent variable (VI): collector T°C

The results expose the output, and it conforms to the linear model to refer to the relationship between the drying TOC and the collector TOC.

The equation of the adjusted model below is

$$\text{Drying } T^{\circ}\text{C} = 23.2088 + 0.269216 \ast \text{C} \\ \text{Leter } T^{\circ}\text{C} \tag{2}$$

#### *4.5.2 Pineapple fruit and your regression exam*

Depending on p-value in the ANOVA less than 0.01, there is a significant statistical relationship between DMP and SRP with a 99% level of trust.

R2 indicates that the model exposes 48.0814% variability in DMP. The correlation coefficient is equal to 0.693408; therefore, it indicates a moderately strong relationship between the variables, and the standard error evaluation of the sample in the calculation shows that the standard deviation of the residuals is 23.4888 (**Figure 9a**).

Linear pattern *Y* ¼ *a* þ *b* ∗ *x*

Dependent variable (VD): decreasing moisture pineapple (DMP)

Independent variable (VI): solar radiation pineapple (SRP)

The effects of linear model adjustment refer to the relationship between DMP and SRP.

The equation of the adjusted model below is

$$\text{DMP} = -\mathbf{1.18117} + \mathbf{0.156} \ast \text{SRP} \tag{3}$$

**Figure 9.**

*Drying inlet with plate temperature (a) and receiver temperature (collector) (b), where the adjusted model is displayed.*

**4.5 Relationship and recoil tests concerning the access temperature in dryer with the receiver access sheet (collector), as well as the radiation with the low amounts of water as absolute humidity in the fruits of pineapple,**

Based on p-value in ANOVA calculated less than 0.01, therefore, there is a significant relationship from the statistical level, between the drying T°C and the

, the better the arrangement of the model to the obtained data.

Regression exam/linear pattern *Y* ¼ *a* þ *b* ∗ *x:* Dependent variable (VD): drying T°C Independent variable (VI): plate T°C

*Means with a common letter are not significantly different (p > 0.05).*

relationship between the drying T°C with the plate T°C. The equation of the adjusted model below is

R2 indicates the percentage (%) variation of the response variable that explains its relationship to one or more predictor variables; it can be said that the higher the

So according to this premise, the model exposes 61.3763% variability in drying T°C, and the correlation coefficient is equal to 0.78343; therefore, it indicates a moderately strong relationship between the variables, and the standard error evaluation shows in the calculation that the standard deviation of the residuals is

The results expose the output, and it conforms to the linear model to refer to the

*Drying T*°*C* ¼ 20*:*0773 þ 0*:*275953 ∗ *plate T*°*C* (1)

**mamey, and banana**

*Test: Tukey Alpha = 0.05 DMS = 0.49402.*

**error: 0.2111 gl: 285**

*Current Drying Processes*

**Factor A Factor B Half n E.E.** Mamey Sweet 2.48 20 0.10 A Mamey Appearance 2.51 20 0.10 A Mamey Flavor 2.53 20 0.10 A Pineapple Appearance 2.91 20 0.10 A B Pineapple Sweet 3.03 20 0.10 B C Mamey Color 3.21 20 0.10 B C D Mamey Texture 3.35 20 0.10 B C D Pineapple Color 3.40 20 0.10 B C D Pineapple Flavor 3.48 20 0.10 C D Pineapple Texture 3.70 20 0.10 D Banana Color 4.38 20 0.10 E Banana Sweet 4.58 20 0.10 E Banana Texture 4.58 20 0.10 E Banana Appearance 4.68 20 0.10 E Banana Flavor 4.75 20 0.10 E

R2

**Table 5.**

2.51359.

**28**

plate T°C with 99% confidence level.

#### *4.5.3 Mamey fruit and your regression analysis exam*

Depending on the p-value in ANOVA calculation which is less than 0.01, there is a significant statistical relationship between DMM and SRM with a confidence level of 99%. The R<sup>2</sup> states according to model that there is 55.6423% variability in DMM, the correlation coefficient is equal to 0.745938; therefore, it shows a moderately dynamic relationship between the variables, and the standard error evaluation shows that the standard deviation of the residuals is 12.3989 (**Figure 9b**), as well as the average absolute error (AAE) of 10.7287.

Linear pattern *Y* ¼ *a* þ *b* ∗ *x*

Dependent variable (VD): decreasing moisture mamey (DMM)

Independent variable (VI): solar radiation mamey (SRM)

The effects of linear pattern adjustment to refer to the dependency between DMM and SRM.

The equation of the adjusted model below is

$$\text{DMM} = \text{20.4499} + \text{0.0869776} \ast \text{SRM} \tag{4}$$

#### *4.5.4 Banana fruit and your regression analysis exam*

Based on ANOVA's p-value in calculation less than 0.01, there is a significant statistical ratio of DMB to SRB with a confidence level of 99%, while R2 exposes according to model that there is 56.339% variability in DMB; in other instances the correlation coefficient the evaluation is equal to 0.750593; therefore, it teaches the coordinately dynamic relationship between the variables and finally the standard evaluation error presenting a value of 35.5063 (**Figure 10c**). The mean absolute error (AAE) is 24.6024.

Linear pattern *Y* ¼ *a* þ *b* ∗ *x*

Dependent variable (VD): decreasing moisture banana (DMB)

Independent variable (VI): solar radiation banana (SRB)

The effects of linear pattern adjustment refer to the dependency between DMB and SRB.

The equation of the adjusted model below is

$$\text{DMB} = -\text{108.201} + \text{0.38802} \ast \text{SRB} \tag{5}$$

#### **4.6 Examination of the process by psychometric spread**

The leaf concerning psychometric dehydration consents to be able to observe two autonomous methodologies, i.e., at one point, there is a sensitive air heated in the receiver or collector, in which air entering the apparatus is heated at the cost of emissions of solar radiation sponsoring moisture content firmly, and consecutively, in other instances the air develops moisture by vaporizing water in the fruits of pineapple, mamey, and banana as a result of cooling. As an example, in the first process of dehydration of banana fruit, we assume subsequent identifications with their means: air temperature, 26°C; first relative humidity, 72%; air temperature at the dryer inlet as well as the leak in the receiver (collector), 49°C; air temperature in dryer escape, 35.7°C; air channel diameter, 0.08 m; speed of air at the entrance, 16.6 m.s�<sup>1</sup> ; and separate humidity of water, 172.43 g.

#### **4.7 Through these ante-laid characterizations, the movement of the mass fluids was established using the following equations**

$$\mathcal{W} = \frac{\pi \ast d^2}{4} \ast V \ast p \tag{6}$$

**Figure 10.**

**31**

*respect to solar radiation.*

*Pattern provided towards low humidity in fruits dehydrated, (a) pineapple, (b) mamey, and (c) banana, with*

*Postharvest Treatment of Tropical Fruits Pineapple (*Ananas comosus*), Mamey…*

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90120*

*Postharvest Treatment of Tropical Fruits Pineapple (*Ananas comosus*), Mamey… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90120*

#### **Figure 10.**

*Pattern provided towards low humidity in fruits dehydrated, (a) pineapple, (b) mamey, and (c) banana, with respect to solar radiation.*

*4.5.3 Mamey fruit and your regression analysis exam*

the average absolute error (AAE) of 10.7287.

The equation of the adjusted model below is

*4.5.4 Banana fruit and your regression analysis exam*

The equation of the adjusted model below is

**4.6 Examination of the process by psychometric spread**

; and separate humidity of water, 172.43 g.

**was established using the following equations**

Linear pattern *Y* ¼ *a* þ *b* ∗ *x*

Linear pattern *Y* ¼ *a* þ *b* ∗ *x*

DMM and SRM.

*Current Drying Processes*

and SRB.

16.6 m.s�<sup>1</sup>

**30**

Depending on the p-value in ANOVA calculation which is less than 0.01, there is a significant statistical relationship between DMM and SRM with a confidence level of 99%. The R<sup>2</sup> states according to model that there is 55.6423% variability in DMM, the correlation coefficient is equal to 0.745938; therefore, it shows a moderately dynamic relationship between the variables, and the standard error evaluation shows that the standard deviation of the residuals is 12.3989 (**Figure 9b**), as well as

Dependent variable (VD): decreasing moisture mamey (DMM) Independent variable (VI): solar radiation mamey (SRM)

Dependent variable (VD): decreasing moisture banana (DMB) Independent variable (VI): solar radiation banana (SRB)

The effects of linear pattern adjustment to refer to the dependency between

Based on ANOVA's p-value in calculation less than 0.01, there is a significant statistical ratio of DMB to SRB with a confidence level of 99%, while R2 exposes according to model that there is 56.339% variability in DMB; in other instances the correlation coefficient the evaluation is equal to 0.750593; therefore, it teaches the coordinately dynamic relationship between the variables and finally the standard evaluation error presenting a value of 35.5063 (**Figure 10c**). The mean absolute error (AAE) is 24.6024.

The effects of linear pattern adjustment refer to the dependency between DMB

The leaf concerning psychometric dehydration consents to be able to observe two autonomous methodologies, i.e., at one point, there is a sensitive air heated in the receiver or collector, in which air entering the apparatus is heated at the cost of emissions of solar radiation sponsoring moisture content firmly, and consecutively, in other instances the air develops moisture by vaporizing water in the fruits of pineapple, mamey, and banana as a result of cooling. As an example, in the first process of dehydration of banana fruit, we assume subsequent identifications with their means: air temperature, 26°C; first relative humidity, 72%; air temperature at the dryer inlet as well as the leak in the receiver (collector), 49°C; air temperature in dryer escape, 35.7°C; air channel diameter, 0.08 m; speed of air at the entrance,

**4.7 Through these ante-laid characterizations, the movement of the mass fluids**

*<sup>W</sup>* <sup>¼</sup> *<sup>π</sup>* <sup>∗</sup> *<sup>d</sup>*<sup>2</sup>

*DMM* ¼ 20*:*4499 þ 0*:*0869776 ∗ *SRM* (4)

*DMB* ¼ �108*:*201 þ 0*:*38802 ∗ *SRB* (5)

<sup>4</sup> <sup>∗</sup>*<sup>V</sup>* <sup>∗</sup> *<sup>p</sup>* (6)

where d is the diameter of the air channel and V is the speed of air as well as the air density, resulting in the value of 0.083 kg.s�<sup>1</sup> . Consecutively after these values and identifying the suppressed humidity of the fruits, the portion of water absorbed in kg of air entering the dryer in the staged phase is established by using Eq. (7):

$$d = \frac{172.43 \,\text{g} \,\text{water}}{1801 \,\text{k} \,\text{dred air}} = 0.095 \frac{\text{g}}{\text{k}} \tag{7}$$

2–3 in the inlet dryer, the humidification of the air and its convenient cooling were carried out through the activities of evaporation of water included in the fruits of

*Postharvest Treatment of Tropical Fruits Pineapple (*Ananas comosus*), Mamey…*

In **Table 1**, we can disclose the percentage (%) of humidity above what was known after the dehydration activities: for pineapple with 86.36%, the moisture content is reduced by an average of X 2.14%, in mamey with 79.30%, by an average of X 21.07%, and for banana with a total of 80.22%, by an average of X 10.35%. The data are consistent with ante positioned knowledge executed by Almada (see [9]). There are also other intellectual citations covered in the mastery of the convective multiflash desiccation process (CMFD) (see [7–11]) are correlated in dried fruits, the inquiry as a study subject, for banana fruit were heated at 60°C by hot air as well as a vacuum pulsation was used, therefore consecutively in the drying of the fruit by medium of the convective drying and dizzying banana vaporization mixture, by CMFD, showed a moisture amount at 0.293 g.g<sup>1</sup> (dry base) then in 3 h of process, the pattern of heat diagnosed in banana samples existed through the direction (conduction) and solar luminescence, so they were heated by approximately 60°C, large increases in independent or free water (banana moisture content at 76.00%),

Subsequently in the convective multiflash drying process (CMFD) (about 135 min of process), the banana achieved a moisture amount in 0.29–0.01 g.g<sup>1</sup>

finally in the processing, the quantities were 0.276–0.015. The fruits with average amounts of moisture showed a water action ranging from 0.65, 0.85 to 0.90, while the mass of the fruits, due to dehydration, was noted with reduced amount of water and dominoes up to 60.21 g of solid in each repetition of 500 g of dough, mainly because of the water and native mechanisms are transferred to the osmotic procedure from extracellular areas, producing an ascent in the aroma of the fruit as well

This work resolved to disinfect at 180°C for 60 min according to internationally

determined rules such as the Medical Research Council; fruits such as banana amounts in 80.22% moisture in fresh state. Together, the validity of the dehydrator was select, assuming the similarity of the convective multiflash drying process (CMFD) method (see [4]) and the solar dryer. In both cases containing the use of solar radiation emission, these being at 300–900 W•m<sup>2</sup> (see [13]) the proportion of solar radiation previously and subsequently in the matter of dehydration within the process activities, the banana fruit had a reduction of 80.22–10.35%, exposing that subsequently it is being subjected to 180°C for 60 min a day with a total of 15– 30 days. Its index was 0.12% concerning 10.35%, pointing to 0.4 times minimum

The convective multiflash drying process (CMFD) is a method of efficient dehydration due to two important reasons. Firstly because during flash evaporation, it starts from moisture that encloses internally, so it is pull towards the surface of the fruits, making optimal the convective drying during the movement for heating purposes. Secondly we have to subsequently evaporate the flash, and the fruit is stothered to the surface area of it, making optimal the convective drying during the heating movement as well as later in the evaporation of the flash. The temperature of the fruit drops by 15–20°C, so it transports a relevant difference in the temperature between the hot air and the cooled fruit. We could therefore say that because of this, the fruit receives a better transfer of heat, see [7], a method similar to the procedure or technique assessed in this investigation as the object of study.

;

coinciding with the illustrations executed (see [10, 11]).

as well as the texture (see [11, 12]).

amount in parallel in banana fruit.

**33**

pineapple, mamey, and banana.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90120*

**5. Debate**

In **Figure 11**, you can observe the thermodynamic moments of sites 1, 2, and 3 provided to the air and habitat, in the receiver leak (collector) as well as in the dryer leak; therefore, these identifications, as data taken from psychrometric chart software, manifest the temperature of the dry lamp(DB); relative humidity (RH); absolute humidity (AH); specific volume (Vol); enthalpy(Ent); steam pressure (VP); dew point(DP); and wet bulb temperature (WBT).

The case in process 1–2 was framed concerning reflective heating in the solar receiver (collector), while in other instances in the case corresponding to process

**Figure 11.** *Examination of the table in collector and solar dryer in the form of a psychometric chart.*

2–3 in the inlet dryer, the humidification of the air and its convenient cooling were carried out through the activities of evaporation of water included in the fruits of pineapple, mamey, and banana.

#### **5. Debate**

where d is the diameter of the air channel and V is the speed of air as well as the

<sup>1801</sup> *k dried air* <sup>¼</sup> <sup>0</sup>*:*<sup>095</sup> *<sup>g</sup>*

In **Figure 11**, you can observe the thermodynamic moments of sites 1, 2, and 3 provided to the air and habitat, in the receiver leak (collector) as well as in the dryer leak; therefore, these identifications, as data taken from psychrometric chart software, manifest the temperature of the dry lamp(DB); relative humidity (RH); absolute humidity (AH); specific volume (Vol); enthalpy(Ent); steam pressure

The case in process 1–2 was framed concerning reflective heating in the solar receiver (collector), while in other instances in the case corresponding to process

and identifying the suppressed humidity of the fruits, the portion of water absorbed in kg of air entering the dryer in the staged phase is established by using Eq. (7):

*<sup>d</sup>* <sup>¼</sup> <sup>172</sup>*:*<sup>43</sup> *g water*

. Consecutively after these values

*<sup>k</sup>* (7)

air density, resulting in the value of 0.083 kg.s�<sup>1</sup>

*Current Drying Processes*

(VP); dew point(DP); and wet bulb temperature (WBT).

*Examination of the table in collector and solar dryer in the form of a psychometric chart.*

**Figure 11.**

**32**

In **Table 1**, we can disclose the percentage (%) of humidity above what was known after the dehydration activities: for pineapple with 86.36%, the moisture content is reduced by an average of X 2.14%, in mamey with 79.30%, by an average of X 21.07%, and for banana with a total of 80.22%, by an average of X 10.35%. The data are consistent with ante positioned knowledge executed by Almada (see [9]). There are also other intellectual citations covered in the mastery of the convective multiflash desiccation process (CMFD) (see [7–11]) are correlated in dried fruits, the inquiry as a study subject, for banana fruit were heated at 60°C by hot air as well as a vacuum pulsation was used, therefore consecutively in the drying of the fruit by medium of the convective drying and dizzying banana vaporization mixture, by CMFD, showed a moisture amount at 0.293 g.g<sup>1</sup> (dry base) then in 3 h of process, the pattern of heat diagnosed in banana samples existed through the direction (conduction) and solar luminescence, so they were heated by approximately 60°C, large increases in independent or free water (banana moisture content at 76.00%), coinciding with the illustrations executed (see [10, 11]).

Subsequently in the convective multiflash drying process (CMFD) (about 135 min of process), the banana achieved a moisture amount in 0.29–0.01 g.g<sup>1</sup> ; finally in the processing, the quantities were 0.276–0.015. The fruits with average amounts of moisture showed a water action ranging from 0.65, 0.85 to 0.90, while the mass of the fruits, due to dehydration, was noted with reduced amount of water and dominoes up to 60.21 g of solid in each repetition of 500 g of dough, mainly because of the water and native mechanisms are transferred to the osmotic procedure from extracellular areas, producing an ascent in the aroma of the fruit as well as well as the texture (see [11, 12]).

This work resolved to disinfect at 180°C for 60 min according to internationally determined rules such as the Medical Research Council; fruits such as banana amounts in 80.22% moisture in fresh state. Together, the validity of the dehydrator was select, assuming the similarity of the convective multiflash drying process (CMFD) method (see [4]) and the solar dryer. In both cases containing the use of solar radiation emission, these being at 300–900 W•m<sup>2</sup> (see [13]) the proportion of solar radiation previously and subsequently in the matter of dehydration within the process activities, the banana fruit had a reduction of 80.22–10.35%, exposing that subsequently it is being subjected to 180°C for 60 min a day with a total of 15– 30 days. Its index was 0.12% concerning 10.35%, pointing to 0.4 times minimum amount in parallel in banana fruit.

The convective multiflash drying process (CMFD) is a method of efficient dehydration due to two important reasons. Firstly because during flash evaporation, it starts from moisture that encloses internally, so it is pull towards the surface of the fruits, making optimal the convective drying during the movement for heating purposes. Secondly we have to subsequently evaporate the flash, and the fruit is stothered to the surface area of it, making optimal the convective drying during the heating movement as well as later in the evaporation of the flash. The temperature of the fruit drops by 15–20°C, so it transports a relevant difference in the temperature between the hot air and the cooled fruit. We could therefore say that because of this, the fruit receives a better transfer of heat, see [7], a method similar to the procedure or technique assessed in this investigation as the object of study.

Having had on balance, all this provides more accurate and complete assessments of the duration as useful life of dehydrated fruits, in pineapple, mamey and banana individually, of 15–30 days of dehydration process in repetitions, the amount of the shelf life of banana fruit, by sample, see **Figure 5**, as linear regressions with adjusted model of the low humidity of banana fruit in this regard with radiation showed a duration of 109 days, the moisture content of pineapple was reduced from the amount or average riginaria by 86.36% to a final amount of 21.07%; mamey fluctuated between 79.3 and 21.13% and bananas fluctuated between 80.22 and 10.35%, proportionally. As well as, properties such as ash in pineapple at 0.44% had an increase with an average of 1.09%; 0.25% had an increase of 2.66%, and in banana fruit it fluctuated between 1.12 and 2.80%, exposing, in banana farmed fruits, data with more expensive values (data not exposed).

Hadassah Julissa Bello Mendoza for their spiritual support and words of encouragement to make diary, and to my esteemed fraternal friend Edgar Ruperto Macías Ganchozo whose idea and professional work could have made this chapter a reality

*Postharvest Treatment of Tropical Fruits Pineapple (*Ananas comosus*), Mamey…*

)

)

for his knowledge.

**Roman symbols**

**Appendices and nomenclature**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90120*

A surface area (m<sup>2</sup>

RH relative humidity AH absolute humidity Vol specific volume VP vapor pressure DP dew point

t temperature

Eq. equation

τ time, min

DM dry matter

W water

**Greek symbols**

**Subscripts**

**35**

n number of experiments CFU colony-forming unit

h specific enthalpy (kJ/kg)

WBT temperature of wet bulb

AAE average absolute error

R2 percentage of variation of the variable

amb ambient (at 25°C, 30 wt % relative humidity, 1.012 bar) (kJ/kg)

CMFD convective multiflash drying process

DMP decreasing moisture pineapple SRP solar radiation pineapple DMB decreasing moisture banana SRB solar radiation banana DMM decreasing moisture mamey SRM solar radiation mamey

D the drying chamber of the drying process

E solar radiation intensity (W • m<sup>2</sup>

The protein content, as well as fiber, was known a characteristic increase significantly in the previous and subsequent periods in dehydration, is understood as a derivation of fresh pineapple fruit in 0.67% protein and fibers at 2.45% in its fresh phase, together, in dehydrated period, had an increase of 2.45 and 3.63%. The mamey fruit with 0.41% protein and fiber sin at 2.5% in its fresh period, in its dehydrated period, had an increase of 2.55 and 4.94%, proportionally, finally, in banana fruit with amounts of protein type by 1.27 and 0.88% in its fresh, dehydrated time, had an increase of 2.18 and 2.41%, correspondingly.

#### **6. Termination**

This work as an object of study in the research assessed the incidences of a solar dryer, which in turn was developed in the city of Calceta, in Bolívar Canton of the Province of Manabí, Ecuador, with the approach of drying to such a point of being able to talk about the phenomena concerning the dehydration of fruits such as pineapple, mamey, and banana. Therefore, trials were carried out as experiments finding, for example, that the organization of the molecular structure of the banana provides the facility for moisture content by means of solar radiation activity.

Then, followed by the pineapple fruit and mamey, as a result, this loss is compressing the moisture content of the valued fruits. The temperature of the drying air is the most important and effective component of several elements of the system during drying; air humidity, as well as air speed, is also a significant factor in optimizing the drying rate. Therefore, in these concerns, it is understood that the microbiological examination helps to establish the shelf life of dehydrated fruits, and it is more important to mention that from 15 to 30 days, repetitions in measured quantities CFU.g<sup>1</sup> have given legitimate maximum values, which is understood as a result of the proliferation of microorganisms in the fruits evaluated.

#### **Acknowledgements**

We thank the Unibersidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabi (ULEAM), Ecuador, for being part of the university community as teachers and researchers, Secretariat of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation (Senescyt), and Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the Agroindustrial Engineering Career in turn that in some way or another allows us to universalize knowledge and transmit it to students.

#### **Dedication**

This chapter of the book is dedicated to God, who gives me day-to-day forality to make the daily activities, to my wife Emily Julissa Mendoza Cedeño and daughter *Postharvest Treatment of Tropical Fruits Pineapple (*Ananas comosus*), Mamey… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90120*

Hadassah Julissa Bello Mendoza for their spiritual support and words of encouragement to make diary, and to my esteemed fraternal friend Edgar Ruperto Macías Ganchozo whose idea and professional work could have made this chapter a reality for his knowledge.

#### **Appendices and nomenclature**

#### **Roman symbols**

Having had on balance, all this provides more accurate and complete assessments of the duration as useful life of dehydrated fruits, in pineapple, mamey and banana individually, of 15–30 days of dehydration process in repetitions, the amount of the shelf life of banana fruit, by sample, see **Figure 5**, as linear regressions with adjusted model of the low humidity of banana fruit in this regard with radiation showed a duration of 109 days, the moisture content of pineapple was reduced from the amount or average riginaria by 86.36% to a final amount of 21.07%; mamey fluctuated between 79.3 and 21.13% and bananas fluctuated between 80.22 and 10.35%, proportionally. As well as, properties such as ash in pineapple at 0.44% had an increase with an average of 1.09%; 0.25% had an increase of 2.66%, and in banana fruit it fluctuated between 1.12 and 2.80%, exposing, in banana farmed fruits, data with more expensive values (data not exposed). The protein content, as well as fiber, was known a characteristic increase significantly in the previous and subsequent periods in dehydration, is understood as a derivation of fresh pineapple fruit in 0.67% protein and fibers at 2.45% in its fresh phase, together, in dehydrated period, had an increase of 2.45 and 3.63%. The mamey fruit with 0.41% protein and fiber sin at 2.5% in its fresh period, in its dehydrated period, had an increase of 2.55 and 4.94%, proportionally, finally, in banana fruit with amounts of protein type by 1.27 and 0.88% in its fresh, dehydrated time, had an increase of 2.18 and 2.41%, correspondingly.

This work as an object of study in the research assessed the incidences of a solar dryer, which in turn was developed in the city of Calceta, in Bolívar Canton of the Province of Manabí, Ecuador, with the approach of drying to such a point of being able to talk about the phenomena concerning the dehydration of fruits such as pineapple, mamey, and banana. Therefore, trials were carried out as experiments finding, for example, that the organization of the molecular structure of the banana provides the facility for moisture content by means of solar radiation activity. Then, followed by the pineapple fruit and mamey, as a result, this loss is compressing the moisture content of the valued fruits. The temperature of the drying air is the most important and effective component of several elements of the system during drying; air humidity, as well as air speed, is also a significant factor in optimizing the drying rate. Therefore, in these concerns, it is understood that the microbiological examination helps to establish the shelf life of dehydrated fruits, and it is more important to mention that from 15 to 30 days, repetitions in measured quantities CFU.g<sup>1</sup> have given legitimate maximum values, which is understood as

We thank the Unibersidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabi (ULEAM), Ecuador, for being part of the university community as teachers and researchers, Secretariat of Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation (Senescyt), and Faculty of Agricultural Sciences of the Agroindustrial Engineering Career in turn that in some way or another allows us to universalize knowledge and transmit it to students.

This chapter of the book is dedicated to God, who gives me day-to-day forality to make the daily activities, to my wife Emily Julissa Mendoza Cedeño and daughter

a result of the proliferation of microorganisms in the fruits evaluated.

**6. Termination**

*Current Drying Processes*

**Acknowledgements**

**Dedication**

**34**


#### **Greek symbols**

τ time, min

#### **Subscripts**


*Current Drying Processes*

### **Author details**

Italo Pedro Bello Moreira\*, Edgar Ruperto Macías Ganchozo, Xavier Enrique Anchundia Muentes, Celio Danilo Bravo Moreira, Manuel Eduardo Anchundia Muentes, Hebert Edison Vera Delgado and Carlos Eduardo Anchundia Betancourt Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Career of Agroindustrial, Agricultural and Environmental Engineering of the Laica University "Eloy Alfaro" of Manabi, Manta, Ecuador

**References**

Solar.pdf

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*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90120*

*Postharvest Treatment of Tropical Fruits Pineapple (*Ananas comosus*), Mamey…*

convective solar drying process of pineapples as part of circular economy strategy. Energies. 2019;**12**(15):2841.

[8] INAMHI-Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Ecuador. Geoinformación Hidrometeorológica de Manabí y Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Red

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[9] UNESCO. Organización de la Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencias y la Cultura Guia de Uso, de Secadores Solares para frutas, Legumbres, Hortalizas, Plantas Medicinales y Carnes, Agencia Suiza para el Desarrollo y la Cooperación (Ministerio Suizo de Asuntos Exteriores) [Internet]; Paraguay, Asuncion; 2005. pp. 25-28. Available from: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/

48223/pf0000156206

view/580/542

[10] Sivipaucar C, Curo H, Huancahuari E, Llantoy V,

Valderrama A. Cálculo y Construcción de un Secador Solar por Convección Natural para el Secado de Plantas Medicinales no Tradicionales. Huarochirí, Peru: Cedit-Centro de Desarrollo e Investigación en Termofluidos; 2008. pp. 18-30. Available from: http://sisbib.unmsm. edu.pe/BibVirtual/Publicaciones/ rev\_cedit/2008\_V03/pdf/ a03v3.pdf

[11] Gamboa D, Ibáñez D, Meléndez M, Paredes E, Siche R. Secado de lúcuma (*Pouteria obovata*) empleando la técnica de Ventana RefractanteTM. Scientia Agropecuaria. 2014;**5**(2):103-108. Available from: http://revistas.unitru. edu.pe/index.php/scientiaagrop/article/

DOI: 10.3390/en12152841

[2] Hernández RJ, Martínez VO, Quinto DP, Cuevas DJ, Acosta OR, Aguilar JO. Secado de chile habanero

[3] Reinoso B, Diseño ES. Construcción de un secador experimental de hierbas aromáticas con el empleo de energía solar, Capacidad de 5 Kg [Thesis]. Sangolquí/ESPE, Ecuador: Universidad

[4] Zotarelli M, Almeida PB, Borges LJ. A convective multi-flash drying process for producing dehydrated crispy fruits. Journal of Food Engineering. 2011; **108**(4):523-531. DOI: 10.1016/j.

[5] García AI, Justinovich S, Angel L, Heredia T. Secadero solar forzado para productos agrícolas. Averma. 2015; **19**(2):21-28. Available from: http:// www.asades.org.ar/Averma/Secadero% 20solar%20forzado%20para%20

[6] Ochoa MCI. Red neuronal artificial

[7] Azouma YO, Drigalski L, Jegla ZK, Reppich M, Turek V, Weiß M. Indirect

en respuesta a predicciones de parámetros de transferencia de masa (pérdida de humedad y ganancia de sólidos) durante la deshidratación osmótica de frutas. Acta Agronomica. 2016;**65**(4):318-325. DOI: 10.15446/

con energía solar. Revista Iberoamericana de Tecnología Postcosecha. 2010;**10**(2):120-127. Available from: http://www.redalyc. org/articulo.oa?id=81315091008

de Fuerzas Armadas; 2006

jfoodeng.2011.09.014

productos%20agricolas

acag.v65n4.50382

**37**

\*Address all correspondence to: italop.bello@uleam.edu.ec

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

*Postharvest Treatment of Tropical Fruits Pineapple (*Ananas comosus*), Mamey… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90120*

#### **References**

[1] Hernández RJ, Flores MF, Acosta OR, Barbosa PG. Secado solar de productos agrícolas. Caos Conciencia. 2014;**8**(1): 25-34. Available from: http://dci.uqroo. mx/RevistaCaos/2014\_vol1/Secado\_ Solar.pdf

[2] Hernández RJ, Martínez VO, Quinto DP, Cuevas DJ, Acosta OR, Aguilar JO. Secado de chile habanero con energía solar. Revista Iberoamericana de Tecnología Postcosecha. 2010;**10**(2):120-127. Available from: http://www.redalyc. org/articulo.oa?id=81315091008

[3] Reinoso B, Diseño ES. Construcción de un secador experimental de hierbas aromáticas con el empleo de energía solar, Capacidad de 5 Kg [Thesis]. Sangolquí/ESPE, Ecuador: Universidad de Fuerzas Armadas; 2006

[4] Zotarelli M, Almeida PB, Borges LJ. A convective multi-flash drying process for producing dehydrated crispy fruits. Journal of Food Engineering. 2011; **108**(4):523-531. DOI: 10.1016/j. jfoodeng.2011.09.014

[5] García AI, Justinovich S, Angel L, Heredia T. Secadero solar forzado para productos agrícolas. Averma. 2015; **19**(2):21-28. Available from: http:// www.asades.org.ar/Averma/Secadero% 20solar%20forzado%20para%20 productos%20agricolas

[6] Ochoa MCI. Red neuronal artificial en respuesta a predicciones de parámetros de transferencia de masa (pérdida de humedad y ganancia de sólidos) durante la deshidratación osmótica de frutas. Acta Agronomica. 2016;**65**(4):318-325. DOI: 10.15446/ acag.v65n4.50382

[7] Azouma YO, Drigalski L, Jegla ZK, Reppich M, Turek V, Weiß M. Indirect convective solar drying process of pineapples as part of circular economy strategy. Energies. 2019;**12**(15):2841. DOI: 10.3390/en12152841

[8] INAMHI-Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Ecuador. Geoinformación Hidrometeorológica de Manabí y Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Red de Estaciones Meteorológicas Convencionales. Geoinformación Hidrometeorológica de Manabí y Esmeraldas, [Internet]. 2016. Available from: http://www.serviciometeorologico. gob.ec [Accessed: 11 September 2019]

[9] UNESCO. Organización de la Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencias y la Cultura Guia de Uso, de Secadores Solares para frutas, Legumbres, Hortalizas, Plantas Medicinales y Carnes, Agencia Suiza para el Desarrollo y la Cooperación (Ministerio Suizo de Asuntos Exteriores) [Internet]; Paraguay, Asuncion; 2005. pp. 25-28. Available from: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/ 48223/pf0000156206

[10] Sivipaucar C, Curo H, Huancahuari E, Llantoy V, Valderrama A. Cálculo y Construcción de un Secador Solar por Convección Natural para el Secado de Plantas Medicinales no Tradicionales. Huarochirí, Peru: Cedit-Centro de Desarrollo e Investigación en Termofluidos; 2008. pp. 18-30. Available from: http://sisbib.unmsm. edu.pe/BibVirtual/Publicaciones/ rev\_cedit/2008\_V03/pdf/ a03v3.pdf

[11] Gamboa D, Ibáñez D, Meléndez M, Paredes E, Siche R. Secado de lúcuma (*Pouteria obovata*) empleando la técnica de Ventana RefractanteTM. Scientia Agropecuaria. 2014;**5**(2):103-108. Available from: http://revistas.unitru. edu.pe/index.php/scientiaagrop/article/ view/580/542

**Author details**

*Current Drying Processes*

Manta, Ecuador

**36**

Italo Pedro Bello Moreira\*, Edgar Ruperto Macías Ganchozo, Xavier Enrique Anchundia Muentes, Celio Danilo Bravo Moreira, Manuel Eduardo Anchundia Muentes, Hebert Edison Vera Delgado

\*Address all correspondence to: italop.bello@uleam.edu.ec

Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Career of Agroindustrial, Agricultural

and Environmental Engineering of the Laica University "Eloy Alfaro" of Manabi,

© 2020 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

and Carlos Eduardo Anchundia Betancourt

provided the original work is properly cited.

[12] Ortiz GS, Sánchez LL, Valdés RMP, Baena GD, Vallejo CFA. Efecto de la osmodeshidratación y secado en la retención de carotenos en fruto de zapallo. Acta Agronomica. 2008;**57**(4): 269-274. Available from: https://revistas. unal.edu.co/index.php/acta\_agronomica/ article/view/9265/9923

[13] CONELEC-Consejo Nacional de Electricidad. In: Tacuri FI, CIE Corporación para la Investigación Energética, editors. Atlas Solar del Ecuador con fines de Generación Eléctrica [Internet]. Quito, Ecuador; 2008. Available from: http:// biblioteca.olade.org/opac-tmpl/ Documentos/cg00041.pdf

Section 2

Convective Drying

**39**
