Author details

ECRs followed by Cd and Cr in the different indoor environment. The results indicates that occupant exposure to toxic trace metals in indoor environments can easily get cancer in different indoor working environments. Thus, trace metals in airborne fine and ultrafine particles be used in order to more accurately assess environmental and health risks. Thus chemical speciation of metal is important and should become a routine analysis in future study of air

Inhalation unit risk (μg m\_3)\_1

Excess cancer risk (μg m\_3)\_1

Average 95th

Average 95th

Average 95th

percentile

percentile

percentile

Indoor air pollution in developing countries is recognized as a major source of health risk to the exposed population, thus there is a need to address the issue of particles, especially fine particles and their related toxicity in different indoor microenvironments. On comparing with the standards given by WHO and national standards, PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations exceeded many folds at all the sampling sites. These high values indicate the need to find strategies to control particulate pollution. Metal concentrations were determined using the positive matrix factorization in PM2.5 in different indoor working environments. The sources responsible for PM2.5 emissions are smoking, incense burning, anthropogenic activities and use of different mechanical and electrical apparatus like computers, printers and photocopiers, etc. in the work environment. Risk assessment related to particulate pollutant was evaluated on the basis of metal contamination. The values summarized in this study represent initial estimates of emissions and their implications, which can be a useful addition to the existing literature, in particularly for the developing countries like India; where such measurements are yet under

pollution.

Table 9.

4. Conclusion

Commercial centers

Elements Concentration

Indoor Environment and Health

(ng m\_3)

percentile

percentile

percentile

Excess cancer risks of carcinogenic elements in PM2.5 in different indoor environment.

Average 95th

Cd 0.08 1.05 1.8 <sup>10</sup>\_3 0.14 2.51 Cr (VI) (=∑Cr/7) 0.11 2.01 1.2 <sup>10</sup>\_2 0.13 2.43 Ni 0.07 1.03 2.4 <sup>10</sup>\_4 0.16 2.76

Cd 0.08 1.04 1.8 <sup>10</sup>\_3 0.14 2.40 Cr (VI) (=∑Cr/7) 0.10 1.95 1.2 <sup>10</sup>\_2 0.12 2.37 Ni 0.06 1.02 2.4 <sup>10</sup>\_4 0.14 2.58

Cd 0.05 1.01 1.8 <sup>10</sup>\_3 0.09 1.97 Cr (VI) (=∑Cr/7) 0.09 1.82 1.2 <sup>10</sup>\_2 0.10 2.20 Ni 0.04 1.00 2.4 <sup>10</sup>\_4 0.09 2.36

Offices Average 95th

Shops Average 95th

represented.

36

Mahima Habil<sup>1</sup> \*, David D. Massey<sup>1</sup> and Ajay Taneja<sup>2</sup>


\*Address all correspondence to: mahi.habil@gmail.com

<sup>© 2019</sup> The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
