*2.2.2 Various materials*

Teachers often find it challenging to obtain materials to use during a STEM challenge [16]. Recycled or free materials are a great option for STEM challenges. For example, teachers can use things like paper towel rolls, newspapers, cardboard boxes, and egg cartons. Additionally, teachers can purchase items that are versatile, and teachers can provide students with building materials that can be used in combination with other materials. Two examples of versatile materials include Creation Crate® TechCard® and SAM Labs®. The research study involved the use of recycled materials and versatile building materials.

Creation Crate® TechCard® are building materials designed for schools. The company provides kits that teachers can use with students to demonstrate different science concepts. Additionally, teachers can provide the students with materials to use to build freely. The materials are easy for students to use because the card contains punched holes that fit dowel rods. Further, the card sets are scored so students can fold it easily. The card kits are made from 100% recycled materials as well [17]. Young children benefit from using hands-on materials to understand abstract concepts [7]. The crane and drawbridge kits were used during the current research study. The students were encouraged expand or extend the original kit design.

SAM Labs® are wireless Bluetooth blocks that move, light-up, and make noises. The blocks pair with the coding app called SAM Blockly®. Students learn to code. The company provides lesson plans that teachers can use with students to teach coding skills [18]. Young learners need opportunities to see connections between concrete and abstract ideas [7]. Further, teachers can use the materials in other ways too. For example, during the current research study the SAM Labs® blocks were used in combination with the Creation Crate® TechCard® crane kit so the crane would move, light-up, and make a noise.
