**2. 5G research in academia and need of real world**

The topic of 5G was discussed in (14,271) research paper in conferences indexed in ACM and IEEE. Furthermore, (4542) research paper was published in journals indexed in ACM and IEEE in the past 2 years discussed topics pertaining to 5G as shown in **Table 1**. Almost 27% of the publication was published in 2019. Furthermore, one can notice that there is a race in publication pertaining to 5G from

**5**

*5G Road Map to Communication Revolution DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92319*

seding ACM in the publications pertaining to G5.

*Research indexed in ACM digital library and IEEE Explore pertaining to 5G.*

Newsletters 22 47

Reports 1

**3. Timeline of Gs**

**Table 1.**

2.5G, and 2.75G.

evolution (LTE) standard.

response with 0.04 ms with speed 300 MHz–3 GHz.

of phone drops and unclear voice.

the huge number of publications (20,196). Also, one can notice that IEEE is super-

**Research in: 2019 2018–2019 2019 2018–2019** Proceedings 440 748 2985 13,523 Journals 82 144 1707 4398

Magazines 7 10 293 1325

Total 551 950 4,985 19,246

**ACM indexed research IEEE indexed research**

Communication technology progressed according to generations. The first generation analog communication started in the late 1970s and had a speed of 2.4 kpbs used for cellular telephones. Total access communication system (TACS), extended total access communication system (ETACS), and nordic mobile telephone (NMT) technologies were used in 1G. The main use was wireless phone call with high rate

The second generation used global system for mobile communication (GSM), general packet radio services (GPRS), and enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (*EDGE*) technologies with speed 56–64 kbps and 170 kbps when using EDGE. The second generation used digital technology rather than analog and the main uses were basic text, simple email, and snake game. The second generation included 2G,

The third generation had four flavors: 3G, 3.5G, 3.75G, and 3.9G LTE. The speed reached 384 kbps and allowed Internet on the telephone and stream videos. 3G used universal mobile telecommunications system (*UMTS*) based on the GSM standard. While 3.5G used high speed downlink packet access (*HSDPA*) and high-speed uplink packet Access (*HSUPA*), followed by 3.75G which used high speed packet access (HSPA), an amalgamation of *HSDPA and HSUPA. 3.9G used* long-term

The fourth generation 4G and 4.5G LTE reached 1 Gbps and 100 Mbps using multiple-input, multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (*MIMO*-*OFDM*). The result of such generation is HD steaming and video chats

The fifth generation is promising millions of simultaneous connections, nearly 0 response time, massive MIMO, three times faster than 4G, and 0.001 ms response time. In short, 5G promises to be 1000 times faster than 4G. The applications of 5G are IoT, smart cities, games, autonomous cars, remote robots, drones, healthcare, and global positioning systems (GPS). Quantum cryptography for 5G security [14] is required to answer for breach of privacy in IoT. IoT, a term coined by Kevin Ashton rather than the well-known terms "embedded Internet" or "pervasive computing," will be more affected by 5G technology. Examples of objects that fall within the scope of IoT include connected security systems, thermostats, cars, electronic appliances (microwaves, fridges, washing machines, dryers, and coffee

*5G Road Map to Communication Revolution DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.92319*


**Table 1.**

*Cyberspace*

50 since FY2004" [3] and stated "The increase in unit sales was mainly a result of Amazon's efforts to reduce prices for customers, shipping offers, increased in-stock inventory availability, and more product variety" [3, 4]. Even Walmart is competing with Amazon over online retailing. Walmart credited the increase in sales to integrate online system with traditional sales stating "Walmart has credited its efforts to integrate its store and digital businesses so that they feed off each other." [4]. Walmart online sales have risen to 63% [4]. Furthermore, according to Wahba [5], Walmart has acquired Flipkart.com with \$16 billion deal, also teaming up with

*Social networks* include Facebook (2.3 billion active users [6]), Instagram (1 billion [7]), VKontakte, QZone (572 million [6], Odnoklassniki, twitter (330 million [6]), Snapchat (294 million [6]), Reddit (330 million [6], Linkedin (310 million [6]), and YouTube (2 Billion [6]). Communication software include Google Duo, FaceTime, Skype WhatsApp (1600 million [6]), Facebook Messenger (1.3 billion active users [6]), Viber (260 million [6]), WeChat (1112 million [6]), and QQ (823 million [6]). All allowed connectivity and trading views in cheaper and more accessible manner. Furthermore, most of these applications are for free and allow communication for free. Still, they compensate their cost with advertising using some sort of profiling

*Politics* was affected by the cyberspace. Best example is the effect of Facebook on politics. In fact in a study by Levy [8], the researcher stated "In the measured period, stories related to politics accounted for 36% of interactions among the top 100 Facebook stories" [9], while topics like soft/general interest (17%), death (11%), science (10%), hard/general (8%), and economics (6%) followed. In fact, some revolutions were based on Facebook interaction like 2011-Jan revolution of Egypt. Another example is the American presidency race in 2016 and the Russian

All the previous indicates that Internet is becoming an essential part of life and the number of Internet users is increasing rapidly. In addition, according to GSMA [10], there are 5,177,676,750 unique mobile subscribers in the world with 9,418,683,350 mobile connections. The backbone of the Internet is communication. The communication technology must meet the demand for communication. End users need more communication speed and reliability. Hence, there is a need to develop communication technology. As such, the development of 5G mobile com-

5G is the fifth generation of mobile technology that promises increased speed and lower latency, higher capacity, and higher reliability capacity [11]. 5G will be reflected in a number of today's technologies such as smart cities, connected infrastructure, wearable computers, autonomous driving, seamless virtual and augmented reality, artificial intelligence, remote robots, drones, and Internet of Machines and Things (IoMT) [12, 13]. Yet to implement 5G technologies: there are three challenges that the implementation faces: Spectrum, infrastructure, and regulations. In the next two sections, the chapter will present two essential aspects:

(1) 5G research in academia and real world and (2) timeline of Gs.

The topic of 5G was discussed in (14,271) research paper in conferences indexed in ACM and IEEE. Furthermore, (4542) research paper was published in journals indexed in ACM and IEEE in the past 2 years discussed topics pertaining to 5G as shown in **Table 1**. Almost 27% of the publication was published in 2019. Furthermore, one can notice that there is a race in publication pertaining to 5G from

**2. 5G research in academia and need of real world**

Google and Microsoft and Rakuten, JD.com.

to deliver advertisement message.

munication technology is a promising one.

INTERFERENCE issue.

**4**

*Research indexed in ACM digital library and IEEE Explore pertaining to 5G.*

the huge number of publications (20,196). Also, one can notice that IEEE is superseding ACM in the publications pertaining to G5.
