**Author details**

*Cyberspace*

strategies.

*hybrid HUMINT* operatives.

organizations, including the defense and security community, of a concept of *hybrid resilience*, of which *cyber resilience* is just an aspect. In this sense, in what regards CYBERINT [28], its focus needs to address the profile of cyber-threats and *cyop* profiles associated with hybrid strategies, in the sense that tactical dynamics of cyberattacks may obey to the pattern needed for a given hybrid strategy, and it needs to cooperate with HUMINT/CI in order to find countermeasures against

The concept of *hybrid resilience* as the ability to resist and recover from *hybrid campaigns* should be a major component of countries' national defense and security

Now, secondly, organizations should have training and a *hybrid defense and CI division* or at least subcontract specialized people in this area, covering both *cyber* 

Faced with the threat of economic, financial, and (geo) political hybrid warfare, any country's major business and financial targets should have specialized training programs and people involved in *hybrid defense strategies* and *hybrid resilience*, including CI-based defense against possible disruption from what may become the

It is not enough to secure the technical side of cybersecurity, and one needs to address the social and human aspect of cyber intrusion, in which people's behavior can be turned against them, including the behaviors and vulnerabilities that come

Campaigns in the standard media against fake contents need to be addressed, as well as large-scale educational programs that should start in schools, educating civil society on the correct usage of cyberspace, on both the positive and negative, on how people can protect themselves against cyberbullying and hybrid campaigns, and on how people should read and reflect on the contents that they read and share. While these are some of the major changes needed to be implemented for any country's successful *national hybrid defense strategy*, there is a main point of *hybrid resilience* that was already identified in the old Chinese and Japanese classics, in particular in *Tai Kung's Six Secret Teachings* [4] and in the *Bansenshukai* [5]: without good governance there is always a fundamental vulnerability to hybrid strategies. The three major crisis profiles that were addressed in [29] and recovered in Section 2 come out of bad governance that is unable to face crises that affect its country's people (*resilience problems*), that is totalitarian and oppressive and that enforces its rule by force or has alienated a large part of its people due to rising inequalities and widespread political, business, and financial corruption (*legitimacy problems*), or that is unable to manage its territory (*authority problems*). All these three problems

open up any country to *hybrid threats* and reduce a country's *hybrid resilience*.

*defense* and *cyber resilience* as well as *hybrid defense* and *resilience*.

new disruptive face of HUMINT: the *hybrid HUMINT*.

from incorrect social network usage.

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Carlos Pedro Gonçalves Institute of Social and Political Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal

\*Address all correspondence to: cgoncalves@iscsp.ulisboa.pt

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
