Section 2 New Technologies

**55**

**Chapter 5**

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

within strategic studies1

*Carlos Pedro Gonçalves*

Cyberspace and Artificial

HUMINT) and possible responses to the hybrid threat patterns.

**Keywords:** hybrid threats, cyber psychological operations, hybrid HUMINT, artificial intelligence, strategic studies, intelligence studies, data science

and intelligence studies2

decision science, political science, and even systems science, and cognitive sciences.

crosses, in permanent dialog, cyberspace studies, strategic studies, and intelligence studies.

The concepts of *hybrid threat* and *hybrid warfare* are, presently, key concepts

defense and security context that was enabled by the twenty-first century's Fourth Industrial Revolution, driven by the synergization of *cyberspace* and *artificial intelligence* (AI), fueled by the accelerated and disruptive exponential expansion of machine learning (ML) [1–3]. Cyber operations, presently, constitute a key determinant component of *hybrid strategies* and *tactics* that configure the profile of *hybrid threats* and *hybrid warfare* [1]. *Hybrid strategies*, in the twenty-first century, involve the use of *Information and Communication Technology* (ICT) and AI tools to

<sup>1</sup> Strategic studies involve the study of strategy, crossing different disciplines, including military science,

<sup>2</sup> By *intelligence* we mean all the activities involved in the production of knowledge necessary to strategic and/or tactical decision. Intelligence studies are, then, the area of research that addresses all activities involved in such production of knowledge, including but not restricted to spying. The current chapter

, with a core relevance in the new

Intelligence: The New Face of

Cyber-Enhanced Hybrid Threats

While, until recently, cyber operations have constituted a specific subset of defense and security concerns, the synergization of cyberspace and artificial intelligence (AI), which are driving the Fourth Industrial Revolution, has raised the threat level of cyber operations, making them a centerpiece of what are called hybrid threats. The concept of hybrid threat is presently a key concern for the defense and security community; cyber-enabled and cyber-enhanced hybrid operations have been amplified in scope, frequency, speed, and threat level due to the synergies that come from the use of cyberspace and machine learning (ML)-based solutions. In the present work, we address the relevance of cyberspace-based operations and artificial intelligence for the implementation of hybrid operations and reflect on what this cyber dimension of hybrid operations implies for the concept of what constitutes a cyberweapon, the concept of hybrid human intelligence (hybrid
