**4. Applications**

The advanced material LaCrO3 prepared using pectin emulsifier and then tested on dye degradation and cellulose conversion was described below.

### **4.1 Photocatalysis of dye**

The photocatalytic activity test on LaCrO3 nanocatalysts was carried out on the methanyl yellow compound by mixing as much as 0.08 g of LaCrO3 nanocatalyst into 300 mL methanyl yellow with a concentration of 100 ppm into a beaker and then homogenized. After that the mixture was pipetted as much as 20 mL with various time variations (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 min) which had been irradiated by a UV lamp with a distance of 30 cm. After that, UV-Vis spectrophotometry was tested to see the absorbance rate of methanyl yellow.

Then in the photocatalytic reaction for visible light, as much as 0.08 g of LaCrO3 catalyst was put into 300 mL of 100 ppm methanyl yellow in a beaker. Then homogenized it by stirring, while the sample is placed that the mixture is placed under the sun in the range of time 11 am to 1 pm. Then the sample was pipetted as much as 20 mL with various time variations (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 min) and tested with UV-Vis spectrophotometry to see the absorbance rate of methanyl yellow. Photodegradation under UV light irradiation is shown in **Figure 9**.

#### **4.2 Photocatalysis of cellulose**

The application of LaCrO3 photocatalyst to cellulose conversion was carried out on a laboratory scale using procedural as follows:

The LaCrO3 catalyst was then used in the photocatalytic test process for the conversion of nanocellulose to sugar alcohol. As much as 0.5 g of nanocellulose in 100 mL of distilled water are distilled for 30 min. The nanocellulose solution that has been ultrasonified is transferred into a three-neck flask, then stirred with

**117**

*Pectins as Emulsifying Agent on the Preparation, Characterization, and Photocatalysis…*

a stirrer, and then added LaCrO3 nanocatalyst as much as 0.1 g. Furthermore, hydrogen gas is flowed and irradiated with UV light with a variation of time 15, 30, 45, and 60 min. The reaction results were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results of photocatalytic cellulose conversion using

*Photocatalytic cellulose conversion results using LaCrO3 under ultraviolet light irradiation during 1 h exposure.*

Quantitatively, the results obtained are compared with the standard results for each xylitol sorbitol solution, and the concentration of mannitol is known. Then the quantitative results of the experiment, even though it is still relatively small, are, respectively, 190, 180, and 120 ppm at 1 h exposure with UV radiation [61].

Preparation of advanced materials using the sol-gel method with pectin emulsifier is able to make the active catalyst degrade methanyl yellow dyes and convert cellulose into glucose reducing sugars and sugar alcohols such as xylitol, sorbitol, and mannitol. The particle size and crystalline produced by the preparation method can reach nanosize with a range of 24-50 nm. Furthermore, the band-gap energy results state that the LaCrO3 advanced material is in the range of 2.89–3.0 eV.

The author would like to acknowledge both the financial support from Indonesian Government through the Directorate Research, Ministry of Research and Higher Education on the contract number 384/UN26.21/PN/2018 in doing the Research and the Research Institution and Community services of the University of

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83625*

LaCrO3 under UV light are shown in **Figure 10**.

**5. Conclusions**

**Figure 10.**

**Acknowledgements**

Lampung for funding this book chapter.

**Figure 9.** *Dye photodegradation results under visible light irradiation (a) and ultraviolet (b) for 0–50 min.*

*Pectins as Emulsifying Agent on the Preparation, Characterization, and Photocatalysis… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83625*

**Figure 10.** *Photocatalytic cellulose conversion results using LaCrO3 under ultraviolet light irradiation during 1 h exposure.*

a stirrer, and then added LaCrO3 nanocatalyst as much as 0.1 g. Furthermore, hydrogen gas is flowed and irradiated with UV light with a variation of time 15, 30, 45, and 60 min. The reaction results were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results of photocatalytic cellulose conversion using LaCrO3 under UV light are shown in **Figure 10**.

Quantitatively, the results obtained are compared with the standard results for each xylitol sorbitol solution, and the concentration of mannitol is known. Then the quantitative results of the experiment, even though it is still relatively small, are, respectively, 190, 180, and 120 ppm at 1 h exposure with UV radiation [61].

#### **5. Conclusions**

*Pectins - Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications*

assessed through the diffractogram data.

to see the absorbance rate of methanyl yellow.

on a laboratory scale using procedural as follows:

light irradiation is shown in **Figure 9**.

**4.2 Photocatalysis of cellulose**

1630 cm<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup>

**4. Applications**

**4.1 Photocatalysis of dye**

information on bending vibrations are increasingly apparent as the calcination temperature increases. In other words, the structure of LaCrO3 which is formed along with the increase in the calcination temperature is getting closer and can be

The results also reflect that the existence of Brønsted-Lowry and Lewis acid sites is indicated by the presence of absorption bands at wave number 1400 and

at the various temperatures were described in the previous article [49].

on dye degradation and cellulose conversion was described below.

, respectively. In detail, the acidity characteristics of the LaCrO3 calcined

The advanced material LaCrO3 prepared using pectin emulsifier and then tested

The photocatalytic activity test on LaCrO3 nanocatalysts was carried out on the methanyl yellow compound by mixing as much as 0.08 g of LaCrO3 nanocatalyst into 300 mL methanyl yellow with a concentration of 100 ppm into a beaker and then homogenized. After that the mixture was pipetted as much as 20 mL with various time variations (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 min) which had been irradiated by a UV lamp with a distance of 30 cm. After that, UV-Vis spectrophotometry was tested

Then in the photocatalytic reaction for visible light, as much as 0.08 g of LaCrO3 catalyst was put into 300 mL of 100 ppm methanyl yellow in a beaker. Then homogenized it by stirring, while the sample is placed that the mixture is placed under the sun in the range of time 11 am to 1 pm. Then the sample was pipetted as much as 20 mL with various time variations (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 min) and tested with UV-Vis spectrophotometry to see the absorbance rate of methanyl yellow. Photodegradation under UV

The application of LaCrO3 photocatalyst to cellulose conversion was carried out

The LaCrO3 catalyst was then used in the photocatalytic test process for the conversion of nanocellulose to sugar alcohol. As much as 0.5 g of nanocellulose in 100 mL of distilled water are distilled for 30 min. The nanocellulose solution that has been ultrasonified is transferred into a three-neck flask, then stirred with

*Dye photodegradation results under visible light irradiation (a) and ultraviolet (b) for 0–50 min.*

**116**

**Figure 9.**

Preparation of advanced materials using the sol-gel method with pectin emulsifier is able to make the active catalyst degrade methanyl yellow dyes and convert cellulose into glucose reducing sugars and sugar alcohols such as xylitol, sorbitol, and mannitol. The particle size and crystalline produced by the preparation method can reach nanosize with a range of 24-50 nm. Furthermore, the band-gap energy results state that the LaCrO3 advanced material is in the range of 2.89–3.0 eV.

#### **Acknowledgements**

The author would like to acknowledge both the financial support from Indonesian Government through the Directorate Research, Ministry of Research and Higher Education on the contract number 384/UN26.21/PN/2018 in doing the Research and the Research Institution and Community services of the University of Lampung for funding this book chapter.

*Pectins - Extraction, Purification, Characterization and Applications*
