*3.2.1.3 Landscape*

Trees and landscape can improve the thermal environment and reduce the temperatures of interior spaces and surfaces in buildings. Monitoring tree effects on buildings showed that trees and landscapes do not only provide shade and reduce air temperature but also prevent buildings' materials from gaining and storing heat and radiating it back later as seen in **Table 4**. A study conducted in Jordan University of Science and Technology compared two identical glazed corridors of orientation and materials, but one of them with trees and landscape providing shade, and one without trees. The study showed that shaded building's surfaces with high trees recoded a lower temperature of 34°C than identical spaces with temperature of 41°C in summer day as seen in **Figure 5**.

Designing with avoidance systems requires analysis of the solar angles laterally with the dimensions and orientation of the building's site to identify the type of shading devices with integration and function and daylight strategies. Designer's decision of the building's form should consider self-shading building, orientation, elevation design, and relation to landscape to enhance avoidance actions. Performance evaluation of avoidance actions required integration of cooling decisions with all building elements, such as glazing area, orientation form and mass design, facade design, and opening.
