*3.3.2 Bernoulli's effect*

Bernoulli's effect depends on the reduction of air pressure associated with the wind speed. In buildings, designers use wind speed differences to circulate air inside or around the building **Figure 7**. Air movement around and above buildings creates positive and negative pressures, causing fresh air to be sucked through specific openings into the buildings at the same time allowing hot air to escape though designate openings and locations. The designer's role in the process is represented in planning and designing air movements with regard to the negative and positive air pressures zones, and it includes the following methods:


Venturi effect causes acceleration in air speed when it passes from a wide section area to a thinner section area, developing a negative pressure zone at the thinning points, which help suck the air from near spaces as seen in **Figure 8**. Designers can make use of this effect in building's designs by:

1.Designing urban settings, landscape, and group buildings with regard to the large scale to allow them to capture wind and increase its speed

**47**

*Advances in Passive Cooling Design: An Integrated Design Approach*

2.Using upper openings in atriums and skylights to improve the performance of

3.Using elements like ventilation ducts and pipes to improve the performance of

Wind towers are used to catch air from higher levels and push it into the interior spaces of a building. A cooling process takes place by heat exchange between the walls of the tower and the hot collected air or by using evaporative cooling at the bottom of the wind tower. Fresh cold air flows to the inner spaces through an opening at the end of the wind tower. At night, wind tower works as a chimney to suck the hot and exhausted air from the room to the outside environment, causing cooler air to replace hot air from other openings. The performance of wind towers can be improved by implementing a water source, like a fountain, at the bottom of the wind tower, which helps cool the gathered air. Additionally, the wind tower can be combined with courtyards and underground tunnels to increase the cooling process of the collected air. A wind tower operates in various ways depending on different factors like the time of day, the presence or absence of wind, and the difference of air temperature inside and outside the building (**Table 5**). The fundamental principle of wind tower operation system lies in changing the temperature of the air inside the tower, therefore changing the density, which is a key factor in circulating air and improving the device's performance.

Solar chimney helps to increase the airflow from interior to upper level and to be

Slowing, as a passive cooling action, refers to the reduction of heat transfer through the building's surfaces by conduction. It depends on the interaction of the building's envelope with the outdoor environment by receiving and absorbing heat and then transferring it to the inner spaces. The performance of slowing as a cooling action depends on many key factors in the building's envelope, such as thermal insulation, thermal masses, building's volume-to-surface area ratio, building materials, and double glazing. These variables control the amount of heat transfer from outdoor environment to inner spaces

The two main factors designers should take into consideration when choosing a thermal mass material and surface are *thermal time constant (TTC)* and *diurnal heat capacity (DHC)*. These two factors describe the behavior of an area of material when subjected to heat and the time needed to store and release heat. The relative values of TTC are particularly important when the building is affected by a heat flow, while the

replaced by cold air from outdoor shaded area like courtyards or basements.

and therefore reduce the need for heat removal and the associated cooling loads.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87123*

*3.3.4 Wind tower (wind catchers) and solar chimney*

the effect

*Venturi effect (author).*

**Figure 8.**

the effect

**3.4 Slowing**

*3.4.1 Thermal mass*

**Figure 7.** *Bernoulli's effect (author).*

*Advances in Passive Cooling Design: An Integrated Design Approach DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87123*

**Figure 8.** *Venturi effect (author).*

*Zero and Net Zero Energy*

*3.3.2 Bernoulli's effect*

*Stack effect (author).*

**Figure 6.**

*3.3.3 Venturi effect*

Bernoulli's effect depends on the reduction of air pressure associated with the wind speed. In buildings, designers use wind speed differences to circulate air inside or around the building **Figure 7**. Air movement around and above buildings creates positive and negative pressures, causing fresh air to be sucked through specific openings into the buildings at the same time allowing hot air to escape though designate openings and locations. The designer's role in the process is represented in planning and designing air movements with regard to the negative and positive air

1.Designing the building's surroundings with the least possible obstructions to allow air flow around, creating the necessary positive and negative pressure zones.

2.Designing the building's form to go with the direction of the wind rather than obstructing it; this is to increase wind speed around the building and create

3.Designing openings in the areas of positive and negative pressures with integration with the interior space distributions to maximize ventilation process.

Venturi effect causes acceleration in air speed when it passes from a wide section area to a thinner section area, developing a negative pressure zone at the thinning points, which help suck the air from near spaces as seen in **Figure 8**. Designers can

1.Designing urban settings, landscape, and group buildings with regard to the

large scale to allow them to capture wind and increase its speed

pressures zones, and it includes the following methods:

positive and negative pressures.

make use of this effect in building's designs by:

**46**

**Figure 7.**

*Bernoulli's effect (author).*


#### *3.3.4 Wind tower (wind catchers) and solar chimney*

Wind towers are used to catch air from higher levels and push it into the interior spaces of a building. A cooling process takes place by heat exchange between the walls of the tower and the hot collected air or by using evaporative cooling at the bottom of the wind tower. Fresh cold air flows to the inner spaces through an opening at the end of the wind tower. At night, wind tower works as a chimney to suck the hot and exhausted air from the room to the outside environment, causing cooler air to replace hot air from other openings. The performance of wind towers can be improved by implementing a water source, like a fountain, at the bottom of the wind tower, which helps cool the gathered air. Additionally, the wind tower can be combined with courtyards and underground tunnels to increase the cooling process of the collected air. A wind tower operates in various ways depending on different factors like the time of day, the presence or absence of wind, and the difference of air temperature inside and outside the building (**Table 5**). The fundamental principle of wind tower operation system lies in changing the temperature of the air inside the tower, therefore changing the density, which is a key factor in circulating air and improving the device's performance.

Solar chimney helps to increase the airflow from interior to upper level and to be replaced by cold air from outdoor shaded area like courtyards or basements.

#### **3.4 Slowing**

Slowing, as a passive cooling action, refers to the reduction of heat transfer through the building's surfaces by conduction. It depends on the interaction of the building's envelope with the outdoor environment by receiving and absorbing heat and then transferring it to the inner spaces. The performance of slowing as a cooling action depends on many key factors in the building's envelope, such as thermal insulation, thermal masses, building's volume-to-surface area ratio, building materials, and double glazing. These variables control the amount of heat transfer from outdoor environment to inner spaces and therefore reduce the need for heat removal and the associated cooling loads.

#### *3.4.1 Thermal mass*

The two main factors designers should take into consideration when choosing a thermal mass material and surface are *thermal time constant (TTC)* and *diurnal heat capacity (DHC)*. These two factors describe the behavior of an area of material when subjected to heat and the time needed to store and release heat. The relative values of TTC are particularly important when the building is affected by a heat flow, while the


#### **Table 5.**

*Wind tower variables (author).*

DHC values are important when the solar gain affecting the building is considerable. Both measures indicate the amount of interior temperature swings that are expected from a material based on outdoor temperature. The *thermal time constant* is used to describe the behavior of thermal masses in building envelopes, and it depends on the heat capacity (Q ) and the heat transmission resistance (R). In short it represents the effectiveness of the thermal capacity in a building. TTC is calculated for an area by multiplying heat capacity per unit (QA) by the resistance of heat flow of that area (R):

$$\mathbf{T} \mathbf{T} \mathbf{C} = \mathbf{Q} \mathbf{A} \times \mathbf{R} \tag{1}$$

**49**

**4.1 Design matrix**

**Figure 9.**

*Advances in Passive Cooling Design: An Integrated Design Approach*

as design variables will develop building design and create integrated relations between architectural elements and passive cooling devices. Therefore, find creative solutions for passive cooling, and improve the performance of traditional techniques to be easily practiced in modern designs. In addition, considering cooling performance of a building under the designing process as performance criteria in building design process will help designers reevaluate their decisions on passive cooling performance. To do so, computer simulation software can be used to identify which decisions, devices, and

*Example of integration of storage devices and removal devices: (1) combining wind tower with base ment, (2) combining solar chimney with courtyards, and (3) combining two courtyard sunny with shaded one (author).*

Combining more than one device or principle of passive cooling in building design requires designers to consider passive cooling strategies in all designing processes. The integrated design will create cooling strategies that have a significant and direct impact on building form, plans, sections, and functional distribution, and user's interaction and behavior in the building as seen in (**Figure 9**). Therefore, an integrated building design approach is needed to make the architectural systems, passive cooling systems, and active systems work together within a complete integrated framework to improve performance and save energy, as cooling loads can be minimized through environmental designs that involve judicious use and implementation of shading devices, vegetation, colors, materials, and insulation.

This paper presents a guideline for implementing passive cooling systems and devices by discussing the four passive cooling actions, which designers should take into consideration in the process of creating a building. It discusses the various

variables need to be reviewed during the evaluation stage.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87123*

where QA = thickness × density × specific heat and R = thickness/conductivity. In calculating the TTC per area, (TTCA) for a composite wall, the QA × R of each layer, including the outside and inside air film layers, is calculated in sequence, and they are calculated for each layer from the external wall to the center of the section in question. A high value of TTC means a high thermal inertia of the building, and it results in a low interior temperature swings. The *diurnal heat capacity* is used to describe the building's capacity to absorb the solar energy and to release the stored heat. DHC measure is particularly important when designing a thermal mass that is subjected to direct solar heat gain. It is considered a function of density and thicknesses of material layers, specific heat, and conductivity. The total DHC of a building is calculated by adding the DHC values of each surface. The DHC is a measure of how much cold the building can store during the night in a ventilated building. Design with thermal mass should consider distributing mass to absorb heat near the sources and thereafter to release the heat to start new cycle the next day.

#### **4. Combining of devices and integration with design process**

Optimizing the performance of passive cooling devices and techniques can be achieved by identifying their relation to building design process, where these devices can be implemented and integrated with other architectural and cooling elements to accomplish more than one function. This integration encourages designers to take into consideration the implementation of passive cooling devices and techniques as an integrated stage within the designing process, like analysis, planning, and evaluation stages.

 and strategies in the early stage (analysis) of the design process give the passive cooling an essential part in the design performance values. Considering such strategies *Advances in Passive Cooling Design: An Integrated Design Approach DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87123*

**Figure 9.**

*Zero and Net Zero Energy*

**Variables Notes**

enters spaces Outlet openings

Integration with inner spaces

**Element's construct**

Device's elements

**Table 5.**

*Wind tower variables (author).*

DHC values are important when the solar gain affecting the building is considerable. Both measures indicate the amount of interior temperature swings that are expected from a material based on outdoor temperature. The *thermal time constant* is used to describe the behavior of thermal masses in building envelopes, and it depends on the heat capacity (Q ) and the heat transmission resistance (R). In short it represents the effectiveness of the thermal capacity in a building. TTC is calculated for an area by multiplying heat capacity per unit (QA) by the resistance of heat flow of that area (R):

Orientation The openings to be orientated toward the wind

absorption by menials

Material Thermal mass material cooled hot air

Height Affects the wind speed entering the tower and building and heat

Inlet opening The size of inlet and outlet openings affects the amount of

where QA = thickness × density × specific heat and R = thickness/conductivity. In calculating the TTC per area, (TTCA) for a composite wall, the QA × R of each layer, including the outside and inside air film layers, is calculated in sequence, and they are calculated for each layer from the external wall to the center of the section in question. A high value of TTC means a high thermal inertia of the building, and it results in a low interior temperature swings. The *diurnal heat capacity* is used to describe the building's capacity to absorb the solar energy and to release the stored heat. DHC measure is particularly important when designing a thermal mass that is subjected to direct solar heat gain. It is considered a function of density and thicknesses of material layers, specific heat, and conductivity. The total DHC of a building is calculated by adding the DHC values of each surface. The DHC is a measure of how much cold the building can store during the night in a ventilated building. Design with thermal mass should consider distributing mass to absorb heat near the

sources and thereafter to release the heat to start new cycle the next day.

**4. Combining of devices and integration with design process**

Optimizing the performance of passive cooling devices and techniques can be achieved by identifying their relation to building design process, where these devices can be implemented and integrated with other architectural and cooling elements to accomplish more than one function. This integration encourages designers to take into consideration the implementation of passive cooling devices and techniques as an integrated stage within the designing process, like analysis,

 and strategies in the early stage (analysis) of the design process give the passive cooling an essential part in the design performance values. Considering such strategies

TTC = QA × R (1)

collected winds, its speed in the tower itself, and its speed as it

Affects the patterns of air distribution inside the building

**48**

planning, and evaluation stages.

*Example of integration of storage devices and removal devices: (1) combining wind tower with base ment, (2) combining solar chimney with courtyards, and (3) combining two courtyard sunny with shaded one (author).*

as design variables will develop building design and create integrated relations between architectural elements and passive cooling devices. Therefore, find creative solutions for passive cooling, and improve the performance of traditional techniques to be easily practiced in modern designs. In addition, considering cooling performance of a building under the designing process as performance criteria in building design process will help designers reevaluate their decisions on passive cooling performance. To do so, computer simulation software can be used to identify which decisions, devices, and variables need to be reviewed during the evaluation stage.

Combining more than one device or principle of passive cooling in building design requires designers to consider passive cooling strategies in all designing processes. The integrated design will create cooling strategies that have a significant and direct impact on building form, plans, sections, and functional distribution, and user's interaction and behavior in the building as seen in (**Figure 9**). Therefore, an integrated building design approach is needed to make the architectural systems, passive cooling systems, and active systems work together within a complete integrated framework to improve performance and save energy, as cooling loads can be minimized through environmental designs that involve judicious use and implementation of shading devices, vegetation, colors, materials, and insulation.

#### **4.1 Design matrix**

This paper presents a guideline for implementing passive cooling systems and devices by discussing the four passive cooling actions, which designers should take into consideration in the process of creating a building. It discusses the various


**51**

the three design stages.

*Design matrix in relation to cooling actions (author).*

**Table 6.**

*Advances in Passive Cooling Design: An Integrated Design Approach*

Avoidance • Controlled

Avoidance • Design with

daylight

ventilation • Ventilation from shaded area

**Design solution Design stage**

• Early stage (analysis): analyze the relation with local climate, solar angles, and prevail-

• Middle stage (design): design these variables to protect the inner space from direct gain • Last stage (performance): evaluate the performance of each element in terms of

with local climate, solar angles, and prevail-

with local climate, solar angles, and prevailing winds, to help remove or convey the heat

• Middle stage (design): design these variables to remove hot air from the inner space • Last stage (performance): evaluate the performance of each element in terms of

• Early stage (analysis): analyze the relation with local climate, solar angles, and prevail-

ing winds, to prevent heat gain • Middle stage (design): design these variables to protect the inner space from

• Last stage (performance): evaluate the performance of each element in terms of

• Last stage (performance): evaluate the performance of each element in terms of

ing winds, to prevent heat gain

avoidance of heat gain

slowing of heat gain

outside inner spaces

removing gained heat

avoidance of heat gain

direct gain

ing winds, to slow heat gain

Slowing • Thermal mass • Early stage (analysis): analyze the relation

Removal • Ventilation • Early stage (analysis): analyze the relation

variables affecting each device within each action, and it explains in details the major issues that need to be considered for each device and action in the three design stages of any building. This integration of passive cooling principles in the design stages represents a new invention in architectural technology and a guideline of passive cooling design for designers and architects. **Table 6** summarizes the required passive cooling actions and design solution that are used to minimize the effects of various heat sources and their implementation considerations in each of

**4.2 Integration design: devices and principles for maximum performance**

The combination of two principles or devices will be discussed in a way to improve performance, increase efficiency, and integrate devices with building design. Many devices can be combined together to perform more than one function and shift cooling and passive design to be as a comprehensive and integrated design approach.

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87123*

**required**

**Sources of heat Actions** 

Indirect heat gain by convection through the ventilation and infiltration currents

Internal heat gains by human activities, equipment, machines, and lighting


#### *Advances in Passive Cooling Design: An Integrated Design Approach DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87123*

#### **Table 6.**

*Zero and Net Zero Energy*

Direct heat gain from solar radiation on building envelope materials

Direct heat gain from solar radiation on windows and glazed surfaces

Indirect heat gain by conduction with outdoor environment through building envelope

**Sources of heat Actions** 

**required**

Avoidance • Shading devices

Slowing • Thermal mass

• Color

Avoidance • Shading devices

Avoidance • Landscape

Removal • Orientation

• Implement removal devices

• Orientation

• Self-shading building form • Landscape design • Urban design

• Insulation material

• Reflective materials and glass • Orientation design

**Design solution Design stage**

• Early stage (analysis): analyze the relation with local climate, solar angles, and prevail-

• Middle stage (design): design these variables to protect the inner space from direct gain • Last stage (performance): evaluate the performance of each element in terms of

• Early stage (analysis): analyze the relation with local climate, solar angles, and prevail-

• Last stage (performance): evaluate the performance of each element in terms of

• Early stage (analysis): analyze the relation with local climate, solar angles, and prevail-

• Middle stage (design): design these variables to protect the inner space from direct gain • Last stage (performance): evaluate the performance of each element in terms of

with local climate, solar angles, and prevail-

• Last stage (performance): evaluate the performance of each element in terms of

• Early stage (analysis): analyze the relation with local climate, solar angles, and prevail-

• Middle stage (design): design these variables to protect the inner space from direct gain • Last stage (performance): evaluate the performance of each element in terms of

with local climate, solar angles, and prevail-

• Last stage (performance): evaluate the performance of each element in terms of

• Early stage (analysis): analyze the relation with local climate, solar angles, and prevailing winds, to help remove or convey the heat

• Middle stage (design): design these variables to remove hot air from the inner space • Last stage (performance): evaluate the performance of each element in terms of

ing winds, to prevent heat gain

avoidance of heat gain

slowing of heat gain

avoidance of heat gain

slowing of heat gain

avoidance of heat gain

slowing of heat gain

outside inner spaces

removing gained heat

ing winds, to slow heat gain

ing winds, to slow heat gain

ing winds, to prevent heat gain

Slowing • Double glazing • Early stage (analysis): analyze the relation

Slowing • Insulation • Early stage (analysis): analyze the relation

ing winds, to slow heat gain

ing winds, to prevent heat gain

**50**

*Design matrix in relation to cooling actions (author).*

variables affecting each device within each action, and it explains in details the major issues that need to be considered for each device and action in the three design stages of any building. This integration of passive cooling principles in the design stages represents a new invention in architectural technology and a guideline of passive cooling design for designers and architects. **Table 6** summarizes the required passive cooling actions and design solution that are used to minimize the effects of various heat sources and their implementation considerations in each of the three design stages.

### **4.2 Integration design: devices and principles for maximum performance**

The combination of two principles or devices will be discussed in a way to improve performance, increase efficiency, and integrate devices with building design. Many devices can be combined together to perform more than one function and shift cooling and passive design to be as a comprehensive and integrated design approach.

**Table 7.** *Courtyard configurations [27].*

The momentum of passive and green architecture helps to develop new devices that perform more functions and help other devices to perform better.

The design process of such composite design required multi-dimensional analysis of each device and how it could be integrated with other devices.


The following discussion will show how some devices have been integrated and designed with other devices to improve their performance and to become as innovative passive design approaches.

The design of wall geometries of the courtyard could help to improve its cooling performance. Freewan [27] showed that the design of wall geometries helps to control direct incident of sunrays on the courtyard's floor, reduce glare, and improve both daylight quality and quantity. It helped to reduce heat gain from artificial light as it introduces daylight from shaded area. The study showed how wall geometries increase the shading area and time and therefore help to store cold air for long time to ventilate inner spaces with fresh cold air. These configurations as seen in **Table 7** improved courtyard design especially in regions with hot and clear sky [27].

Advanced and modern wind towers were used in university building at the University of Nottingham to be cooling and daylighting devices. They were

**53**

**Figure 10.**

**Figure 11.**

*Advances in Passive Cooling Design: An Integrated Design Approach*

*Combining wind catcher with atrium and daylight elements (author).*

*Integration of windows with wind tower and horizontal duct.*

developed to have rotatable head to maximize the efficiency. The new wind towers were designed in integration with atrium and opening figure. The towers were used as wind tower, stairs, daylight devices with large glazed area at top part. They were designed with integration with atrium for maximum performance **Figure 10**. A study [28] has been conducted at Jordan University of Science and Technology to design adjustable shading devices for existing and new buildings in mild climate with hot summer and cold winter. The research aimed at designing optimized double-positioned external shading device systems that help to reduce energy consumption in buildings and provide thermal and visual comfort during both hot and cold seasons. The design was based on comparison of performance of many variables to determine the best fit characteristics for two positions of adjustable horizontal louvers on south facade or vertical fins on east and west facades for summer and winter conditions. The adjustable shading systems can be applied for new or retrofitted office or housing buildings. The

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87123*

*Advances in Passive Cooling Design: An Integrated Design Approach DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87123*

#### **Figure 10.**

*Zero and Net Zero Energy*

The momentum of passive and green architecture helps to develop new devices that

The design process of such composite design required multi-dimensional analy-

1.Analysis stage: for each device the working mechanism and condition required

2.Design stages: design the devices to perform more than one function. In addi-

3.Performance stage: reevaluate the integration between devices and architectural systems and how they performed together using experiments or com-

The following discussion will show how some devices have been integrated and designed with other devices to improve their performance and to become as innova-

The design of wall geometries of the courtyard could help to improve its cooling performance. Freewan [27] showed that the design of wall geometries helps to control direct incident of sunrays on the courtyard's floor, reduce glare, and improve both daylight quality and quantity. It helped to reduce heat gain from artificial light as it introduces daylight from shaded area. The study showed how wall geometries increase the shading area and time and therefore help to store cold air for long time to ventilate inner spaces with fresh cold air. These configurations as seen in **Table 7** improved courtyard design especially in regions with

Advanced and modern wind towers were used in university building at the University of Nottingham to be cooling and daylighting devices. They were

perform more functions and help other devices to perform better.

to perform well should be thoroughly analyzed.

puter simulations.

**Table 7.**

*Courtyard configurations [27].*

tive passive design approaches.

hot and clear sky [27].

sis of each device and how it could be integrated with other devices.

tion design the device to improve the function of other devices

**52**

*Combining wind catcher with atrium and daylight elements (author).*

**Figure 11.**

*Integration of windows with wind tower and horizontal duct.*

developed to have rotatable head to maximize the efficiency. The new wind towers were designed in integration with atrium and opening figure. The towers were used as wind tower, stairs, daylight devices with large glazed area at top part. They were designed with integration with atrium for maximum performance **Figure 10**.

A study [28] has been conducted at Jordan University of Science and Technology to design adjustable shading devices for existing and new buildings in mild climate with hot summer and cold winter. The research aimed at designing optimized double-positioned external shading device systems that help to reduce energy consumption in buildings and provide thermal and visual comfort during both hot and cold seasons. The design was based on comparison of performance of many variables to determine the best fit characteristics for two positions of adjustable horizontal louvers on south facade or vertical fins on east and west facades for summer and winter conditions. The adjustable shading systems can be applied for new or retrofitted office or housing buildings. The

**Table 8.** *Form configurations [30].*

**Figure 12.**

*Combining wind towers with courtyards and basements (author).*

optimized shading devices for summer and winter positions helped to reduce the net annual energy consumption compared to a base case space with no shading device or with curtains and compared to fix shading devices.

Freewan and Abdallah [29] studied integration of many devices to improve ventilation process in university classrooms. The study showed that integration of wind tower with side windows or side horizontal ventilation duct with side windows helped to improve the natural ventilation in classrooms, activate stack effect, and increase the air velocity (**Figure 11**).

Freewan [30] studied how the building's form and wall geometries could help to reduce energy consumption and improve thermal and visual comfort. Inward and outward tilted south and north facing facades were studied in the study. Thermal energy performance and daylighting were investigated for many inward and outward angles for both south and north directions. The tilted configurations were achieved as an acceptable balance between cooling, heating energy consumption, and daylighting performance and compared to vertical facades

**55**

**Figure 14.**

**Figure 13.**

**Figure 15.**

pared to vertical facade (**Table 8**).

circulate the air, while the tunnel is used to cool the air.

*Advances in Passive Cooling Design: An Integrated Design Approach*

to provide best solar shading, energy consumption, and daylight performance. Many variables were monitored and studied like self-shading, time and period of exposure to sun rays, and how the tilted facade performed. The results showed outward tilted facades for the south orientation performed well as they reduced cooling load and improve both daylight quality and quantity. On the other hand, inward facades for north orientation performed well in terms of daylight com-

*Working mechanism of light pipe as daylighting devices and ventilation devices (author).*

Wind tower as ventilation and heat removing tools was integrated with courtyard or basement to increase airflow rate and bring cold air to be stored. Configurations like these can be found in Iraq and Egypt, which help activate the stack effect to circulate the cold air to the occupied spaces (**Figure 12**). In modern design wind tower can be integrated with wind tunnel as the wind tower is used to

In Beddington Zero Energy Development (BedZED) in the UK, wind catchers with routable head were designed in integration with the buildings' form, sun

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87123*

*Combing shading devices with ceiling geometries [31, 32].*

*BedZED design and wind catcher (author).*

*Advances in Passive Cooling Design: An Integrated Design Approach DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.87123*

**Figure 13.** *BedZED design and wind catcher (author).*

*Zero and Net Zero Energy*

**54**

**Figure 12.**

**Table 8.**

*Form configurations [30].*

optimized shading devices for summer and winter positions helped to reduce the net annual energy consumption compared to a base case space with no shading

Freewan and Abdallah [29] studied integration of many devices to improve ventilation process in university classrooms. The study showed that integration of wind tower with side windows or side horizontal ventilation duct with side windows helped to improve the natural ventilation in classrooms, activate stack effect,

Freewan [30] studied how the building's form and wall geometries could help to reduce energy consumption and improve thermal and visual comfort. Inward and outward tilted south and north facing facades were studied in the study. Thermal energy performance and daylighting were investigated for many inward and outward angles for both south and north directions. The tilted configurations were achieved as an acceptable balance between cooling, heating energy consumption, and daylighting performance and compared to vertical facades

device or with curtains and compared to fix shading devices.

*Combining wind towers with courtyards and basements (author).*

and increase the air velocity (**Figure 11**).

**Figure 14.** *Combing shading devices with ceiling geometries [31, 32].*

**Figure 15.** *Working mechanism of light pipe as daylighting devices and ventilation devices (author).*

to provide best solar shading, energy consumption, and daylight performance. Many variables were monitored and studied like self-shading, time and period of exposure to sun rays, and how the tilted facade performed. The results showed outward tilted facades for the south orientation performed well as they reduced cooling load and improve both daylight quality and quantity. On the other hand, inward facades for north orientation performed well in terms of daylight compared to vertical facade (**Table 8**).

Wind tower as ventilation and heat removing tools was integrated with courtyard or basement to increase airflow rate and bring cold air to be stored. Configurations like these can be found in Iraq and Egypt, which help activate the stack effect to circulate the cold air to the occupied spaces (**Figure 12**). In modern design wind tower can be integrated with wind tunnel as the wind tower is used to circulate the air, while the tunnel is used to cool the air.

In Beddington Zero Energy Development (BedZED) in the UK, wind catchers with routable head were designed in integration with the buildings' form, sun space, space articulation, and functional zoning (**Figure 13**). The BedZED climatic design was based on more than ventilation principles.

Shading devices and light shelf were studied to be integrated with ceiling geometries in order to maximize shading and daylight performance in hot climate to save energy (**Figure 14**). Many ceiling geometries were investigated to find maximum daylight performance while keeping the optimum shading effects [31, 32].

Light pipe is an advanced daylighting technology used to bring light to a space with no direct contact to outside. It is a cylindrical tube connected to a collecting unit and a diffusing unit. The literature review shows that many researchers have studied the light pipe. Elmualim et al. [33] used dichroic material to develop the light pipe's performance as an integrated system for daylighting and ventilation. The integration is based on using two concentric channels for both daylighting and natural ventilation; the inner one will guide sunlight and daylight into occupied spaces, while the outer one enables passive stack ventilation (**Figure 15**).

## **5. Conclusions**

Implementing passive cooling systems in building design has many advantages over using the fossil fuel-based cooling systems, as they produce no environmental impacts and GHG emissions. The implementation of passive cooling devices in any building design requires many considerations and analyzation of the various variables affecting the cooling performance, and these considerations need to be taken from the earliest design stages and not only at the end of the architectural project, to allow these systems to reach the fullest possible potentials and to be integrated within the design itself, rather than being an additional solution that is forced into a building.

This chapter represented a guideline and innovations in building design process on a comprehensive level that take into consideration the four passive cooling actions, *store*, *avoid*, *remove* and *slow* of heat, and the different devices used for implementing each of the four actions and the variables affecting their cooling performance. All the actions, devices, and variables then were discussed within the three design stages: analysis, designing, and performance stages. The research then concluded with a summary of the required passive cooling actions and the design solutions that need to be used to minimize the effects of the various heat sources and the implemented considerations in each of the three design stages. This chapter encourages designers to integrate passive cooling solutions, actions, and devices in the designing process from early stages of the design while taking into consideration the different variables and requirements concerning the passive devices and their implementation in all design stages.

### **Author details**

Ahmed A.Y. Freewan Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan

\*Address all correspondence to: aafreewan@just.edu.jo

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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