*3.3.1 Stack effect*

*Zero and Net Zero Energy*

*3.2.1.3 Landscape*

**Figure 4.**

in summer day as seen in **Figure 5**.

*Library building at University of Nottingham, UK (author).*

design, facade design, and opening.

**Variables Notes**

**3.3 Removal**

Trees and landscape can improve the thermal environment and reduce the temperatures of interior spaces and surfaces in buildings. Monitoring tree effects on buildings showed that trees and landscapes do not only provide shade and reduce air temperature but also prevent buildings' materials from gaining and storing heat and radiating it back later as seen in **Table 4**. A study conducted in Jordan University of Science and Technology compared two identical glazed corridors of orientation and materials, but one of them with trees and landscape providing shade, and one without trees. The study showed that shaded building's surfaces with high trees recoded a lower temperature of 34°C than identical spaces with temperature of 41°C

Designing with avoidance systems requires analysis of the solar angles laterally with the dimensions and orientation of the building's site to identify the type of shading devices with integration and function and daylight strategies. Designer's decision of the building's form should consider self-shading building, orientation, elevation design, and relation to landscape to enhance avoidance actions. Performance evaluation of avoidance actions required integration of cooling decisions with all building elements, such as glazing area, orientation form and mass

Removing, as a passive cooling action, refers to the removal of undesirable gained heat in interior or exterior spaces in a building. Natural ventilation normally is the main strategy used to take unwanted heat out of the buildings. It depends mostly on pressure differences to circulate air between inner and outer spaces, allowing air to enter or escape from buildings. Devices like windows, openings,

Tree type Evergreen or deciduous trees affect the periods and area of shading on

Distance from building Location of shade on building, walls, walking area, and courtyards

Height and horizontal spread The pattern of shade provided by different types of trees

buildings, walls, courtyards, and outdoor spaces in summer and winter

**44**

**Table 4.**

*Landscape variables (author).*

Stack effect depends on temperature differences to circulate air, as hot air rises up and cool air sinks down (**Figure 6**). The design for ventilation that depends on stack principles is achieved by letting hot air rise up within spaces or specific devices and exhausting it from upper openings, which allows it to be replaced by cooler air from lower openings. The designer's role in the process is represented in designing air movement and its exhaustion and penetration, which includes the following methods:


**Figure 6.** *Stack effect (author).*
