Contents


*by Shao-Hua Yang and Yao-Lin Shi*

Preface

The crust is the hard, outermost layer of our planet, made up of different types of rocks. Although it is a thin layer, and is even less than 1% of the total volume of the Earth, it is very important because of its ability to sustain life. Dynamic geomorphic and geological forces have created the crust and tectonic activity is constantly playing its role in transforming the crustal materials that underlie the ocean basins and

The rocks that form the crust are mostly composed of silicon, oxygen, calcium, aluminum, potassium, sodium, magnesium, and iron. These rocks are distinctive in their chemical composition and different from the underlining ultramafic upper mantle rocks. The crust is part of the lithosphere, which also includes the hard and

This book aims to cover the basics of the architecture, structure, evolution, and dynamics of the Earth's crust through an anthology of contributed chapters that will enlighten readers about the various aspects of the Earth's crust, including the existence, development, and sustainability of our modern lifestyles on its surface.

**Dr. Muhammad Nawaz**

Singapore

National University of Singapore,

brittle rock of the uppermost part of the upper mantle.

others that form the continents.
