**6.** *Bacopa monnieri* **L.**

*Bacopa monnieri* L. (Scrophulariaceae) is notable ayurvedic medicinal plant and referred to have impact on brain function and is a neural tonic to improve intelligence and cognition [42]. Normal formulation Illumina® containing *B. monnieri* (leaf dry extract 43%, containing bacoside, 20%) decreased of 8-iso-PFG2α and ROS/RNS generation in the rat brain, consequently, decreasing the basal and H2O2 and amyloid β peptide-incited oxidative stress [43]. In another study, standardized extract of *B. monnieri* (Bacoside A (**22**) content 82 ± 0.5%) when given in the doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg, orally, shows a dose-related increment in superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase activities in the frontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus [44]. *B. monnieri*, when administered orally, improves cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration in rats. Immunohistological recognition of superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) and histopathological changes in the CA1 region of the hippocampus were observed [45]. An extract containing 5% (w/w) of the saponins, which contains bacoside A3, bacopasaponin X, bacopasaponin C (**23**), bacopaside II **(24),** and bacopaside I **(25)**, shows improvements in cognitive abilities and neuroprotective impacts in Alzheimer's disease model [46, 47]. When rats treated with bacoside A (**22**), huge changes were found in the degrees of both nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants, which recommends that bacoside A **22** improves *B. monnieri* antioxidant status in rat brain [48]. Other saponins such as **(26-28)** reported from this plant have been shown in **Figure 4**. A survey of 10 years of research at Swinburne University done by Con Stough et al. recommends that an extract of *B. monnieri* (CDRI 08: KeenMind) is a safe and effectual cognitive enhancer [49]. *B. monnieri* extract suppressed the generation of free radical levels and indicated critical assurance against 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA)-mediated cytotoxicity in dopaminergic (N27 cell lines) [50]. *B. monnieri* standard extract containing 55.34% of bacosides indicated a defensive impact on ischemia-induced memory hindrance and diminished the infarct size in the ischemic brain. It additionally demonstrated a critical increment in catalase action and exhaustion in lipid peroxidation, nitrite, and nitrate activity [51]. Neuronal cell cultures when treated with *B. monnieri* extract shielded neurons from β-amyloid-induced cell toxicity. The extract gave protection to cell cultures against glutamate-induced excitotoxicity since it was not able to repress glutamate-mediated toxicity [52]. In Alzheimer's disease animal model (C57/Bl6 mice), *B. monnieri* extract has decreased lipoxygenase action and hydrogen peroxide-induced lipid peroxidation. *B. monnieri* has neuroprotective mechanisms, and it lessens β-amyloid deposits in the brain of C57/Bl6 mice Alzheimer's disease animal model [53]. *B. monnieri* extract have also shown to have protective effect against rotenone induced Parkinson's disease in PC-12 cell lines [54].

**Figure 4.**

*Structures of compounds present in* B. monnieri.
