**2. Diabetes mellitus**

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most deadly chronic diseases with metabolic disorder which is associated with major life threatening complications. The diabetes is a growing global problem which affects the metabolism and results in many complications leads tom death at early stages of life. Diabetes is of three types: type 1 – non-insulin dependent diabetes, type 2 – insulin dependent diabetes, type 3 – gestational diabetes. According to international diabetic federation (IDF), type 2 diabetes is accounting 90% of worldwide diabetes. The prevalence of diabetes in 2030 is 1.2 billion, where as in 2045, it increases to 1.3 billion unconditionally shown in **Figure 1**. It is mainly because of insulin insufficient secretion to lower the blood glucose level because of impairment of pancreatic beta cells. The elevated blood glucose level in the body is because of insulin impairment termed as insulin resistance. The major cause of insulin impaired diabetes is due to improper physical activity, unhealthy food habits, and increase of obese condition [8]**.** As defined by WHO, the obese condition and overweight of body are the major risk factors for the cause of diabetes [5]**.** The risk factors are directly correlated to the food intake, physical inactivity, and modern lifestyle, thus the energy imbalance plays a vital role in the

**Figure 1.** *Prevalence of diabetes worldwide, IDF.*

prevalence of diabetes worldwide. Thus, the improper food habit and inactiveness of modern lifestyle inculcate the human life in a dangerous route where the people are unaware of diabetes emergence in their life. Prevalence of diabetes is estimated by sex among 65–99 years old adult population by IDF in **Figure 2** [9].

The major risk factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus are unhealthy eating, lack of physical exercise, obesity, and family epigenetics. Thus, the overeating of unhealthy food leads to increased body weight because of lack of exercise, results in obese condition. This obese condition portrays the beta cell destruction results in insulin impairment. It takes many years to exhibit the hyperglycemic condition in the body [10]. Various studies show that the high intake of fatty food gradually results in the lack of glucose resistant. The intake of unsaturated fatty acid is good for diabetic patients while the saturated and the Trans fats are associated with diabetic risk in a very high ratio. Reduced insulin secretion in the pancreas associated with decreased glucose uptake due to insulin excitation in muscles, also increased fundamental liver glucose production, thus glucose absorption in gastrointestinal tract is increased. This is the pathophysiological structure of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is shown in **Figure 3**.
