**Author details**

Maria Portelli and Byron Baron\* Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, University of Malta, Msida, Malta

\*Address all correspondence to: byron.baron@um.edu.mt

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**113**

*Biochemical Dysregulation of Pre-Eclampsia and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus*

physical activity during pregnancy: An international perspective. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.

[10] Mastrogiannis DS, Spiliopoulos M, Mulla W, Homko CJ. Insulin resistance: The possible link between gestational diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Current Diabetes Reports. 2009;**9**(4):296

[11] Wen SW, Xie RH, Tan H, Walker MC, Smith GN, Retnakaran R. Preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus: Pre-conception origins? Medical Hypotheses. 2012;**79**(1):120-125

[12] Roberts JM, Lain KY. Recent insights into the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia.

Greenwold N, Burton GJ. Trophoblastic oxidative stress in relation to temporal and regional differences in maternal placental blood flow in normal and abnormal early pregnancies. The American Journal of Pathology.

[14] Maynard SE, Min JY, Merchan J, Lim KH, Li J, Mondal S, et al. Excess placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria in preeclampsia. The Journal of Clinical Investigation.

[15] Venkatesha S, Toporsian M, Lam C, Hanai JI, Mammoto T, Kim YM, et al. Soluble endoglin contributes to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Nature

preeclampsia. Microvascular Research.

Placenta. 2002;**23**(5):359-372

[13] Jauniaux E, Hempstock J,

2003;**162**(1):115-125

2003;**111**(5):649-658

Medicine. 2006;**12**(6):642

2008;**75**(1):1-8

[16] Mutter WP, Karumanchi SA. Molecular mechanisms of

2013;**45**(2):268-277

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85843*

[1] Portelli M, Baron B. Clinical presentation of preeclampsia and the diagnostic value of proteins and their methylation products as biomarkers in pregnant women with preeclampsia and their newborns. Journal of Pregnancy.

[2] Nelson DB, Ziadie MS, McIntire DD, Rogers BB, Leveno KJ. Placental pathology suggesting that preeclampsia is more than one disease. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology.

[3] Jiwani A, Marseille E, Lohse N, Damm P, Hod M, Kahn JG. Gestational diabetes mellitus: Results from a survey of country prevalence and practices. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine. 2012;**25**(6):600-610

[4] Buchanan TA, Xiang AH. Gestational diabetes mellitus. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2005;**115**(3):485-491

[5] Schneider S, Freerksen N, Röhrig S, Hoeft B, Maul H. Gestational diabetes and preeclampsia–Similar risk factor profiles? Early Human Development.

[6] Nerenberg KA, Johnson JA, Leung B, Savu A, Ryan EA, Chik CL, et al. Risks of gestational diabetes and preeclampsia over the last decade in a cohort of Alberta women. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada.

[7] Lisonkova S, Joseph KS. Incidence of preeclampsia: Risk factors and outcomes associated with early-versus late-onset disease. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2013;**209**(6):544-5e1

[8] Weissgerber TL, Mudd LM. Preeclampsia and diabetes. Current Diabetes Reports. 2015;**15**(3):9

[9] Mudd LM, Owe KM, Mottola MF, Pivarnik JM. Health benefits of

**References**

2018;**2018**:1-23

2014;**210**(1):66-e1

2012;**88**(3):179-184

2013;**35**(11):986-994

*Biochemical Dysregulation of Pre-Eclampsia and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85843*
