**5. Result**

The results of blood samples obtained from both patients and control are expressed as mean values with standard deviation. Comparison between different groups and interpretation of results are based on 'two-sample t test' with software PRISM 5. Differences between the groups were considered significant at p < 0.05 which indicates that the control and other patient groups differ significantly from one another in all situations. The ZP of erythrocytes was measured by the cell electrophoresis technique using zeta meter system 4.0 at the minimum voltage required for the movement of the erythrocytes to travel a fixed distance. In a study conducted in India, **Table 1** shows the zeta potential (ZP) values of the erythrocytes of control pregnant women in mV while **Table 2** shows the zeta potential (ZP) values erythrocytes of preeclampsia patients in mV [21] (reference of your work). The mean erythrocytic ZP of control pregnant women taken during third trimester was found to be 21.64 ± 0.3122 mV whereas; when erythrocytic ZP of preeclampsia patients was measured it was found to be 15.13 ± 0.1393 mV. The results as shown in **Figure 1** revealed that there is a significant decrease in the ZP of the RBC of preeclampsia patients as compared with the control pregnant women.


**97**

**Figure 1.**

**Table 2.**

*Zeta potential of preeclampsia patients [21].*

*Alteration in Zeta Potential of Erythrocytes in Preeclampsia Patients*

**Zeta potential**

(0.94)

**Sr. No.**

 −13.94 (0.4) 24 −16.16 (0.87) 46 −12.91 (1.58) 68 −14.13 (0.27) −14.45 (0.29) 25 −14.67 (0.8) 47 −15.99 (1.15) 69 −16.5 (1.21) −16.7 (2.1) 26 −15.53 (1.08) 48 −14.94 (0.68) 70 −16.41 (2.5) −14.68 (1.21) 27 −16.74 (2.27) 49 −14.02 (0.35) 71 −15.27 (1.18)

 −16.81 (1.03) 29 −16.53 (1.74) 51 −16.14 (0.57) 73 −13.39 (0.34) −13.44 (0.68) 30 −16.49 (1.12) 52 −15.92 (1.35) 74 −16.07 (0.43) −14.75 (0.4) 31 −14.38 (1.12) 53 −16.68 (1.11) 75 −14.28 (0.4) −15.59 (1.11) 32 −13.71 (0.48) 54 −14.07 (0.73) 76 −13.82 (1.86) −15.51 (1.09) 33 −14.86 (0.85) 55 −14.07 (0.95) 77 −16.71 (1.44) −16.14 (1.52) 34 −16.24 (1.15) 56 −12.13 (0.67) 78 −14.38 (1.12) −12.08 (1.08) 35 −15.24 (1.67) 57 −13.55 (0.62) 79 −14.81 (0.55) −16.59 (0.64) 36 −16.59 (0.89) 58 −16.59 (0.22) 80 −15.32 (0.34) −16.45 (0.73) 37 −14.1 (0.57) 59 −16.89 (0.58) 81 −16.38 (0.83) −14.61 (1.79) 38 −13.86 (1.28) 60 −14.96 (1.26) 82 −13.72 (0.83) −12.12 (0.39) 39 −12.42 (0.83) 61 −16.77 (0.42) 83 −13.72 (2.36) −15.87 (2.1) 40 −13.86 (0.82) 62 −15.28 (0.36) 84 −16.28 (0.94) −15.18 (1.1) 41 −16.92 (1.74) 63 −16.52 (1.32) 85 −12.05 (1.05) −13.72 (0.83) 42 −15.61 (1.08) 64 −15.44 (0.6) 86 −14.65 (0.6) −13.52 (0.48) 43 −13.55 (0.62) 65 −14.81 (1.52) 87 −16.72 (0.46) −16.83 (1.08) 44 −14.67 (0.8) 66 −16.82 (0.64) 88 −13.82 (1.86)

*Comparison of erythrocytic zeta potential of preeclampsia patients and control pregnant women [21].*

**Zeta potential**

28 −16.84 (1.12) 50 −16.58 (0.77) 72 −14.28 (0.57)

**Sr. No.**

45 −15.62 (0.93) 67 −16.75 (1.62)

**Zeta potential**

**Sr. No.**

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85952*

1 −16.00 (1.42) 23 −16.00

**Zeta potential**

6 −14.00

(0.71)

**Sr. No.**

#### **Table 1.**

*Zeta potential of normal pregnant women [21].*


*Alteration in Zeta Potential of Erythrocytes in Preeclampsia Patients DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85952*

#### **Table 2.**

 *Prediction of Maternal and Fetal Syndrome of Preeclampsia*

**5. Result**

Zeta meter-ZM4DAQ software using microscopically-acquired video images, and data were recorded 10 times for each sample and average zeta-potential in mv was

The results of blood samples obtained from both patients and control are expressed as mean values with standard deviation. Comparison between different groups and interpretation of results are based on 'two-sample t test' with software PRISM 5. Differences between the groups were considered significant at p < 0.05 which indicates that the control and other patient groups differ significantly from one another in all situations. The ZP of erythrocytes was measured by the cell electrophoresis technique using zeta meter system 4.0 at the minimum voltage required for the movement of the erythrocytes to travel a fixed distance. In a study conducted in India, **Table 1** shows the zeta potential (ZP) values of the erythrocytes of control pregnant women in mV while **Table 2** shows the zeta potential (ZP) values erythrocytes of preeclampsia patients in mV [21] (reference of your work). The mean erythrocytic ZP of control pregnant women taken during third trimester was found to be 21.64 ± 0.3122 mV whereas; when erythrocytic ZP of preeclampsia patients was measured it was found to be 15.13 ± 0.1393 mV. The results as shown in **Figure 1** revealed that there is a significant decrease in the ZP of the RBC of

preeclampsia patients as compared with the control pregnant women.

19 −23.15 (1.54) 40 −20.75 (1.63) 20 −21.06 (1.44) 41 -20.36 (2.43) 21 -21.42 (1.43) 42 -25.65 (1.23)

*Zeta potential of normal pregnant women [21].*

**Sr. No. Zeta potential Sr. No. Zeta potential Sr. No. Zeta potential** −23.02 (1.95) 22 −26.28 (1.1) 43 −21.36 (1.41) −21.87 (1.4) 23 −24.07 (1.94) 44 −18.13 (1.6) −17.43 (1.33) 24 −19.34 (0.88) 45 −18.46 (1.98) −24.52 (2.6) 25 −16.82 (0.64) 46 −18.11 (1.69) −19.71 (0.77) 26 −19.52 (1.92) 47 −18.04 (0.84) −22.46 (0.92) 27 −19.02 (2.04) 48 −16.38 (0.83) −16.59 (0.64) 28 −19.83 (1.87) 49 −16.41 (2.5) −20.10 (1.39) 29 −21.26 (0.67) 50 −19.88 (1.7) −24.49 (2.36) 30 −19.62 (1.46) 51 −21.15 (1.03) −21.07 (2.28) 31 −20.73 (1.12) 52 −20.52 (0.84) −17.27 (3.59) 32 −20.11 (0.57) 53 −21.02 (2.76) −24.49 (0.93) 33 −25.59 (1.57) 54 −22.68 (1.79) −21.54 (1.71) 34 −20.57 (0.88) 55 −22.50 (1.2) −26.78 (0.99) 35 −25.73 (1.9) 56 −25.21 (2.15) −19.39 (2.47) 36 −21.68 (1.63) 57 −25.11 (2.77) −22.44 (1.12) 37 −21.13 (1.6) 58 −24.19 (2.28) −20.48 (1.62) 38 −19.68 (1.81) 59 −18.43 (0.77) −20.50 (0.83) 39 −19.96 (1.61) 60 −19.34 (2.75)

determined using a standard Helmholtz-Smoluchowski formula.

**96**

**Table 1.**

*Zeta potential of preeclampsia patients [21].*
