Author details

Alaa Obeida\* and Aly Shalaby Pediatric Surgery Department, Cairo University, Specialized Pediatric Hospital, Cairo, Egypt

\*Address all correspondence to: alaa.obeida@gmail.com

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

be the surgery of choice. If post-operative ventilation is unavoidable then positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) or high-frequency oscillation ventilation (HFOV) is used. Neuromuscular paralysis may also help reduce ventilation pressures but is

A pneumothorax is suspected when oxygen saturation drops and ventilation pressures rise sharply with absent ipsilateral air entry. An urgent plain chest x-ray will confirm this and should be followed by immediate needle decompression then a formal chest drain with an underwater seal. Bilateral asynchronous pneumothoraces

not always available in low-resource settings.

Pediatric Surgery, Flowcharts and Clinical Algorithms

are not uncommon [82].

Figure 13.

128

Entero-cutaneous fistula.
