Advances in Experimental Methods for Residual Stress Measurements

**6**

*New Challenges in Residual Stress Measurements and Evaluation*

Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation. Brunswick

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**Chapter 2**

**Abstract**

**1. Introduction**

**9**

Opto-Acoustic Technique for

Residual stress analysis based on co-application of acoustic and optical techniques is discussed. Residual stress analysis is a long-standing and challenging problem in many fields of engineering. The fundamental complexity of the problem lies in the fact that a residual stress is locked into the material and therefore hidden inside the specimen. Thus, direct measurement of residual stress in a completely nondestructive fashion is especially difficult. One possible solution is to estimate residual stress from the change in the elastic constant of the material. Residual stress alters the interatomic distance significantly large that the elastic constant is considerably different from the nominal value. From the change in the elastic constant and knowledge of the interatomic potential, it is possible to estimate the residual stress. This acoustic technique (acoustoelasticity) evaluates the elastic modulus of the specimen via acoustic velocity measurement. It is capable of determining the elastic modulus absolutely, but it is a single-point measurement. The optical technique (electronic speckle pattern interferometry, ESPI) yields full-field, two-dimensional strain maps, but it requires an external load to the specimen. Co-application of the

**Keywords:** acoustoelasticity, electronic speckle pattern interferometry, scanning acoustic microscopy, finite element modeling of residual stress, nondestructive

It is widely known that residual stresses are created by almost every material process and harmful to a variety of structures and devices [1]. Yet, the problem is far from being solved. Although a number of techniques have been developed to evaluate residual stresses, destructively [2–6] or nondestructively [7–20], have been developed to evaluate residual stresses, there is no single method applicable to general cases for accurate evaluations. The fundamental complexity of the problem lies in the fact that residual stresses are locked into the material and therefore hidden from observance. Unless the locking mechanism is removed, the residual stress is not visible from the outside. Under such a situation, it is especially difficult to diagnose residual stresses nondestructively. Techniques classified as nondestructive methods normally use diffractometry [9, 10, 19] or acoustic probing [7, 8, 12–16]. The techniques classified as diffractometry detect the atomic rearrangement due to residual stresses from a shift in the diffraction angle using X-ray, neutron, synchrotron, or similar radiation. The techniques classified as acoustic probing detect residual stresses from the change in the acoustic impedance due to

Residual Stress Analysis

*Sanichiro Yoshida and Tomohiro Sasaki*

two techniques compensates each other's shortfalls.

residual stress analysis, heat-induced residual stress
