**3.3 Both maternal and foetal indications**


*Recent Advances in Cesarean Delivery*

9.Invasive cervical cancer.

10.Prior trachelectomy.

11.Permanent cerclage.

14.Pelvic deformity.

**3.2 Foetal indications**

5.Macrosomia.

8.Genital tract obstructive mass.

12.Prior pelvic reconstructive surgery.

13.Prior significant perineal trauma.

15.Cardiac or pulmonary disease.

18.Perimortem caesarean delivery.

1.Non-reassuring foetal status [1].

4.Funic presentation or cord prolapse [3].

order multiples (triplets or greater).

11.Abnormal umbilical cord Doppler study.

8.Some congenital anomalies.

9.Foetal compromise [9].

12.Thrombocytopenia.

respectively) [10].

13.Prior neonatal birth trauma.

6.Abnormal lies or nonvertex presentations [8].

10.Maternal infection: primary genital herpes and HIV.

7.Multiple pregnancies: the first twin in a nonvertex presentation or higher-

14.Caesarean delivery may be performed but is not routinely indicated for foetal issues, such as extremely or very low birth weight (<1000 g and ≤ 1500 g,

2.Foetal malpresentation.

3.Foetal bleeding diathesis.

16.Cerebral aneurysm or arteriovenous malformations.

17.Pathology requiring concurrent intra-abdominal surgery.

**88**


There are no absolute contraindications to caesarean delivery. In contrast to other types of surgery, the risks and benefits of the procedure need to be considered as they apply to two patients. However, many pregnant women have a low tolerance for accepting any foetal risk from vaginal birth, irrespective of the maternal risks associated with operative intervention [13].
