*1.6.2 Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis*

One of the promising approaches is pre-implantation genetic diagnosis of cells (PGD) usually single cells, which had been biopsied from oocytes/zygotes or embryos obtained by in vitro fertilization and testing it for specific genetic abnormality. PGD assists couples to avoid birth of an affected child and limit the needs for abortion. This maneuver aims at delivery of an unaffected newborn. PGD helps to identify unaffected embryos for transfer to the uterus [30].

Lastly to conclude, the most likely approach to reduce the patients' load is efficient prevention, carrier detection, prenatal diagnosis, and genetic counseling, and here, we summarize causes, symptoms, and therapeutic modalities in β-thalassemia as illustrated in **Figure 2**.
