**Meet the editor**

Dr Abdel-Rahim is an Associate Professor at the Civil Engineering Department, University of Idaho. He has authored and co-authored over 70 publications in academic journals, book chapters, conference proceedings, and research reports. Dr. Abdel-Rahim's expertise includes traffic control and operations, Intelligent Transportation Systems, microscopic simulation model-

ing. Hardware-in-the-loop simulation, network modeling, transportation network security and survivability, real-time control application, vehicle emission and fuel consumption modeling, highway and traffic safety, and engineering education.

Contents

**Preface VII** 

and Amiya Nayak

Chapter 2 **An Investigation of Measurement** 

Chapter 4 **Modelling, Simulation Methods for** 

Chapter 5 **Microwave Beamforming Networks for** 

Chapter 6 **Deploying Wireless Sensor Devices in** 

Ardavan Rahimian

and Phil Blythe

Chapter 7 **Active Traffic Management** 

Yang Zhang

Virginia P. Sisiopiku

Chapter 8 **How to Provide Accurate and Robust** 

**Traffic Forecasts Practically? 189** 

**for Travel Time Variability 21**  Steven Chien and Xiaobo Liu

Chapter 3 **ITS Applications in Developing Countries:** 

Chapter 1 **Applying Vehicular Networks for Reduced Vehicle Fuel Consumption and** *CO2* **Emissions 3** 

Maazen Alsabaan, Kshirasagar Naik, Tarek Khalifa

**A Case Study of Bus Rapid Transit and Mobility** 

Philemon Kazimil Mzee and Emmanuel Demzee

**Intelligent Transportation Systems 101**  George Papageorgiou and Athanasios Maimaris

**Intelligent Transportation Systems 123** 

**Intelligent Transportation System Applications 143** 

Kirusnapillai Selvarajah, Budiman Arief, Alan Tully

**as a Tool for Addressing Traffic Congestion 169** 

**Management Strategies in Dar es Salaam – Tanzania 41** 

## Contents

#### **Preface XI**


Preface

With the rapid implementation of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) applications throughout the world, the surface transportation system has become more complex and dependent on an extensive grid of roadways, computing devices, and wireless and wired communication networks. Authors from several countries have contributed chapters that focus on different components of ITS and their applications. Topics covered in the book include: ITS sensing devices, wirelesses communication networks to support ITS applications, ITS technologies for reduced vehicle emissions and environmental impacts, microscopic modeling of ITS systems, active ITS traffic management practices, and ITS applications in developing countries. The open exchange of ITS-related scientific results and ideas will hopefully lead to improved understanding ITS systems and their design and operations and to a greater awareness

**Dr. Ahmed Abdel-Rahim, Ph.D., PE,**

Civil Engineering Department,

University of Idaho,

USA

of ITS technologies and their potentials and applications.

## Preface

With the rapid implementation of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) applications throughout the world, the surface transportation system has become more complex and dependent on an extensive grid of roadways, computing devices, and wireless and wired communication networks. Authors from several countries have contributed chapters that focus on different components of ITS and their applications. Topics covered in the book include: ITS sensing devices, wirelesses communication networks to support ITS applications, ITS technologies for reduced vehicle emissions and environmental impacts, microscopic modeling of ITS systems, active ITS traffic management practices, and ITS applications in developing countries. The open exchange of ITS-related scientific results and ideas will hopefully lead to improved understanding ITS systems and their design and operations and to a greater awareness of ITS technologies and their potentials and applications.

**Dr. Ahmed Abdel-Rahim, Ph.D., PE,** 

Civil Engineering Department, University of Idaho, USA

**0**

**1**

<sup>1</sup>*University of Waterloo,* <sup>2</sup>*University of Ottawa* <sup>3</sup>*King Saud University*

> 1,2*Canada* <sup>3</sup>*Saudi Arabia*

**Applying Vehicular Networks for Reduced Vehicle**

Maazen Alsabaan1,3, Kshirasagar Naik1, Tarek Khalifa1 and Amiya Nayak2

These days the detrimental effects of air pollutants and concerns about global warming are being increasingly reported by the media. In many countries, fuel prices have been rising considerably. In western Canada, for instance, the gasoline price almost doubled from about 53 cents/liter in 1998 to 109 cents/liter in 2010 (Wiebe, 2011). In terms of the air pollution problem, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from vehicles are considered to be one of the main contributing sources. Carbon dioxide (*CO*2) is the largest component of GHG emissions. For example, in Japan in 2008, the amount of *CO*<sup>2</sup> emissions from vehicles (200 million ton) is about 17 percent of the entire *CO*<sup>2</sup> emissions from Japan (1200 million ton) (Tsugawa & Kato, 2010). The Kyoto Protocol aims to stabilize the GHG concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous alterations to the regional and global climates (OECD/IEA, 2009). As a result, it is important to develop and implement effective strategies to reduce fuel expenditure and prevent further increases in *CO*<sup>2</sup> emissions from

A significant amount of fuel consumption and emissions can be attributed to drivers getting lost or not taking a very direct route to their destination, high acceleration, stop-and-go conditions, congestion, high speeds, and outdated vehicles. Some of these cases can be

ITS is an integration of software, hardware, traffic engineering concepts, and communication technology that can be applied to transportation systems to improve their efficiency and safety (Chowdhury & Sadek, 2003). In ITS technology, navigation is a fundamental system that helps drivers select the most suitable path. In (Barth et al., 2007), a navigation tool has been designed especially for minimizing fuel consumption and vehicle emissions. A number of scheduling methods have been proposed to alleviate congestion (Kuriyama et al., 2007) as vehicles passing on an uncongested route often consume less fuel than the ones on a congested

Various forms of wireless communications technologies have been proposed for ITS. Vehicular networks are a promising research area in ITS applications (Moustafa & Zhang, 2009), as drivers can be informed about many kinds of events and conditions that can impact travel.

alleviated by implementing Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS).

**1. Introduction**

vehicles.

route (Barth et al., 2007).

**Fuel Consumption and** *CO***<sup>2</sup> Emissions**
