**Author details**

Sanghwa Lee1 and Jun Ki Kim1,2\*

1 Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute of Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

2 Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

\*Address all correspondence to: kim@amc.seoul.kr

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

**109**

*Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) Based on ZnO Nanorods for Biological…*

molecular characterization methods. Nanomedicine-Uk. 2016;**11**(17):2359-2377

[9] Lee C, Carney RP, Hazari S, Smith ZJ, Knudson A, Robertson CS, et al. 3D plasmonic nanobowl platform for the study of exosomes in solution. Nanoscale. 2015;**7**(20):9290-9297

[10] Maiti NC, Apetri MM, Zagorski MG, Carey PR, Anderson VE. Raman spectroscopic characterization of secondary structure in natively unfolded proteins: Alpha-synuclein. Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[11] Rygula A, Majzner K, Marzec KM, Kaczor A, Pilarczyk M, Baranska M. Raman spectroscopy of proteins: A review. Journal of Raman Specroscopy.

[12] Stiles PL, Dieringer JA, Shah NC, Van Duyne RR. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry. 2008;**1**:601-626

[14] Li WY, Camargo PHC, Lu XM, Xia YN. Dimers of silver nanospheres: Facile synthesis and their use as hot spots for surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Nano Letters. 2009;**9**(1):485-490

[15] Wang YL, Irudayaraj J. Surfaceenhanced Raman spectroscopy at singlemolecule scale and its implications in biology. Philos T R Soc B. 1611;**368**:2013

[16] Caldwell JD, Glembocki OJ, Bezares FJ, Kariniemi MI, Niinisto JT, Hatanpaa TT, et al. Large-area plasmonic hotspot arrays: Sub-2 nm interparticle separations with plasma-enhanced

[13] Etchegoin PG, Le Ru EC. A perspective on single molecule SERS: Current status and future challenges. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics.

2008;**10**(40):6079-6089

2004;**126**(8):2399-2408

2013;**44**(8):1061-1076

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84265*

[1] Ishigaki M, Maeda Y, Taketani A, Andriana BB, Ishihara R, Wongravee K, et al. Diagnosis of early-stage esophageal cancer by Raman spectroscopy and chemometric techniques. Analyst.

[2] Kikuchi H, Kawabata T, Okazaki S, Hiramatsu Y, Baba M, Ohta M, et al. Near-infrared multichannel Raman spectroscopy with a 1064-nm excitation wavelength for ex vivo diagnosis of gastric cancer. Cancer Research. 2011;**71**

[3] Carvalho LFCS, Bonnier F, O'Callaghan K, O'Sullivan J, Flint S, Byrne HJ, et al. Raman microspectroscopy for rapid screening of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Experimental and Molecular Pathology.

[4] Lee SH, Kim OK, Lee S, Kim JK. Local-dependency of morphological and optical properties between breast cancer cell lines. Spectrochimica Acta A.

[5] Smith R, Wright KL, Ashton L. Raman spectroscopy: An evolving technique for live cell studies. Analyst.

2015;**98**(3):502-509

2018;**205**:132-138

2011;**2**(538):1-8

2014;**86**(3):1525-1533

2016;**141**(12):3590-3600

[6] Liu TY, Tsai KT, Wang HH, Chen Y, Chen YH, Chao YC, et al. Functionalized arrays of Ramanenhancing nanoparticles for capture and culture-free analysis of bacteria in human blood. Nature Communications.

[7] Zhou HB, Yang DT, Ivleva NP, Mircescu NE, Niessner R, Haisch C. SERS detection of bacteria in water by in situ coating with Ag nanoparticles. Analytical Chemistry.

[8] Khatun Z, Bhat A, Sharma S, Sharma A. Elucidating diversity of exosomes: Biophysical and

**References**

2016;**141**(3):1027-1033

*Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) Based on ZnO Nanorods for Biological… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84265*

## **References**

*Zinc Oxide Based Nano Materials and Devices*

**108**

**Author details**

Seoul, Republic of Korea

Sanghwa Lee1

provided the original work is properly cited.

and Jun Ki Kim1,2\*

Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea

\*Address all correspondence to: kim@amc.seoul.kr

© 2019 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,

2 Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine,

1 Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Asan Institute of Life Sciences,

[1] Ishigaki M, Maeda Y, Taketani A, Andriana BB, Ishihara R, Wongravee K, et al. Diagnosis of early-stage esophageal cancer by Raman spectroscopy and chemometric techniques. Analyst. 2016;**141**(3):1027-1033

[2] Kikuchi H, Kawabata T, Okazaki S, Hiramatsu Y, Baba M, Ohta M, et al. Near-infrared multichannel Raman spectroscopy with a 1064-nm excitation wavelength for ex vivo diagnosis of gastric cancer. Cancer Research. 2011;**71**

[3] Carvalho LFCS, Bonnier F, O'Callaghan K, O'Sullivan J, Flint S, Byrne HJ, et al. Raman microspectroscopy for rapid screening of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Experimental and Molecular Pathology. 2015;**98**(3):502-509

[4] Lee SH, Kim OK, Lee S, Kim JK. Local-dependency of morphological and optical properties between breast cancer cell lines. Spectrochimica Acta A. 2018;**205**:132-138

[5] Smith R, Wright KL, Ashton L. Raman spectroscopy: An evolving technique for live cell studies. Analyst. 2016;**141**(12):3590-3600

[6] Liu TY, Tsai KT, Wang HH, Chen Y, Chen YH, Chao YC, et al. Functionalized arrays of Ramanenhancing nanoparticles for capture and culture-free analysis of bacteria in human blood. Nature Communications. 2011;**2**(538):1-8

[7] Zhou HB, Yang DT, Ivleva NP, Mircescu NE, Niessner R, Haisch C. SERS detection of bacteria in water by in situ coating with Ag nanoparticles. Analytical Chemistry. 2014;**86**(3):1525-1533

[8] Khatun Z, Bhat A, Sharma S, Sharma A. Elucidating diversity of exosomes: Biophysical and

molecular characterization methods. Nanomedicine-Uk. 2016;**11**(17):2359-2377

[9] Lee C, Carney RP, Hazari S, Smith ZJ, Knudson A, Robertson CS, et al. 3D plasmonic nanobowl platform for the study of exosomes in solution. Nanoscale. 2015;**7**(20):9290-9297

[10] Maiti NC, Apetri MM, Zagorski MG, Carey PR, Anderson VE. Raman spectroscopic characterization of secondary structure in natively unfolded proteins: Alpha-synuclein. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2004;**126**(8):2399-2408

[11] Rygula A, Majzner K, Marzec KM, Kaczor A, Pilarczyk M, Baranska M. Raman spectroscopy of proteins: A review. Journal of Raman Specroscopy. 2013;**44**(8):1061-1076

[12] Stiles PL, Dieringer JA, Shah NC, Van Duyne RR. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry. 2008;**1**:601-626

[13] Etchegoin PG, Le Ru EC. A perspective on single molecule SERS: Current status and future challenges. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2008;**10**(40):6079-6089

[14] Li WY, Camargo PHC, Lu XM, Xia YN. Dimers of silver nanospheres: Facile synthesis and their use as hot spots for surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Nano Letters. 2009;**9**(1):485-490

[15] Wang YL, Irudayaraj J. Surfaceenhanced Raman spectroscopy at singlemolecule scale and its implications in biology. Philos T R Soc B. 1611;**368**:2013

[16] Caldwell JD, Glembocki OJ, Bezares FJ, Kariniemi MI, Niinisto JT, Hatanpaa TT, et al. Large-area plasmonic hotspot arrays: Sub-2 nm interparticle separations with plasma-enhanced

atomic layer deposition of Ag on periodic arrays of Si nanopillars. Optics Express. 2011;**19**(27):26056-26064

[17] Lee SJ, Morrill AR, Moskovits M. Hot spots in silver nanowire bundles for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2006;**128**(7):2200-2201

[18] Kleinman SL, Frontiera RR, Henry AI, Dieringer JA, Van Duyne RP. Creating, characterizing, and controlling chemistry with SERS hot spots. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 2013;**15**(1):21-36

[19] Abu Hatab NA, Oran JM, Sepaniak MJ. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrates created via electron beam lithography and nanotransfer printing. ACS Nano. 2008;**2**(2):377-385

[20] De Angelis F, Gentile F, Mecarini F, Das G, Moretti M, Candeloro P, et al. Breaking the diffusion limit with super-hydrophobic delivery of molecules to plasmonic nanofocusing SERS structures. Nature Photonics. 2011;**5**(11):683-688

[21] Cinel NA, Cakmakyapan S, Butun S, Ertas G, Ozbay E. E-Beam lithography designed substrates for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Photonic Nanostruct. 2015;**15**:109-115

[22] Marotta NE, Barber JR, Dluhy PR, Bottomley LA. Patterned silver nanorod array substrates for surfaceenhanced Raman scattering. Applied Spectroscopy. 2009;**63**(10):1101-1106

[23] Ngo YH, Li D, Simon GP, Gamier G. Paper surfaces functionalized by nanoparticles. Adv Colloid Interfac. 2011;**163**(1):23-38

[24] Li BW, Zhang W, Chen LX, Lin BC. A fast and low-cost spray method for prototyping and

depositing surface-enhanced Raman scattering arrays on microfluidic paper based device. Electrophoresis. 2013;**34**(15):2162-2168

[25] Zhang W, Li BW, Chen LX, Wang YQ , Gao DX, Ma XH, et al. Brushing, a simple way to fabricate SERS active paper substrates. Anal Methods-Uk. 2014;**6**(7):2066-2071

[26] Schmidt MS, Hubner J, Boisen A. Large area fabrication of leaning silicon nanopillars for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Advanced Materials. 2012;**24**(10):Op11-OOp8

[27] Albiss BA, AL-Akhras MA, Obaidat I. Ultraviolet photodetector based on ZnO nanorods grown on a flexible PDMS substrate. Int J Environ an Ch. 2015;**95**(4):339-348

[28] Chen Y, Tse WH, Chen LY, Zhang J. Ag nanoparticles-decorated ZnO nanorod array on a mechanical flexible substrate with enhanced optical and antimicrobial properties. Nanoscale Research Letters. 2015;**10**

[29] Ibupoto ZH, Khun K, Eriksson M, AlSalhi M, Atif M, Ansari A, et al. Hydrothermal growth of vertically aligned ZnO nanorods using a biocomposite seed layer of ZnO nanoparticles. Materials. 2013;**6**(8):3584-3597

[30] Sinha G, Depero LE, Alessandri I. Recyclable SERS substrates based on Au-coated ZnO nanorods. Acs Appl Mater Inter. 2011;**3**(7):2557-2563

[31] Tripp DA, Nickel JC, Wong J, Pontari M, Moldwin R, Mayer R, et al. Mapping of pain phenotypes in female patients with bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis and controls. European Urology. 2012;**62**(6):1188-1194

[32] Evans RJ, Moldwin RM, Cossons N, Darekar A, Mills IW, Scholfield D. Proof

**111**

*Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) Based on ZnO Nanorods for Biological…*

[40] Wang H, Huang N, Zhao J, Lui H, Korbelik M, Zeng H. Depth-resolved in vivo micro-Raman spectroscopy of a murine skin tumor model reveals cancer-specific spectral biomarkers. Journal of Raman Specroscopy.

[41] Huang ZW, McWilliams A, Lui H, McLean DI, Lam S, Zeng HS. Nearinfrared Raman spectroscopy for optical diagnosis of lung cancer. International Journal of Cancer.

2011;**42**(2):160-166

2003;**107**(6):1047-1052

*DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84265*

[33] Hanno PM, Erickson D, Moldwin R, Faraday MM. Diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: AUA guideline amendment. J

[34] Nickel JC, Herschorn S, Whitmore KE, Forrest JB, Hu P, Friedman AJ, et al. Pentosan polysulfate sodium for treatment of interstitial cystitis/ bladder pain syndrome: Insights from a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. J Urology.

[35] Kim A, Yu HY, Lim J, Ryu CM, Kim YH, Heo J, et al. Improved efficacy and in vivo cellular properties of human embryonic stem cell derivative in a preclinical model of bladder pain syndrome. Sci Rep-Uk. 2017;**7**

[36] Song M, Park J, Choo MS. Mesenchymal stem-cell therapy alleviates interstitial cystitis by activating Wnt signaling pathway. J Urology. 2015;**193**(4):E217-E21E

[37] Stone N, Stavroulaki P, Kendall C, Birchall M, Barr H. Raman spectroscopy

[38] Synytsya A, Judexova M, Hoskovec D, Miskovicova M, Petruzelka L. Raman spectroscopy at different excitation wavelengths (1064, 785 and 532 nm) as a tool for diagnosis of colon cancer. Journal of Raman Specroscopy.

[39] Chan JW, Taylor DS, Zwerdling T, Lane SM, Ihara K, Huser T. Micro-

Raman spectroscopy detects individual neoplastic and normal hematopoietic cells. Biophysical Journal.

for early detection of laryngeal malignancy: Preliminary results. Laryngoscope. 2000;**110**(10):1756-1763

2014;**45**(10):903-911

2006;**90**(2):648-656

Urology. 2015;**193**(5):1545-1553

of concept trial of tanezumab for the treatment of symptoms associated with interstitial cystitis. J Urology.

2011;**185**(5):1716-1721

2015;**193**(3):857-862

*Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) Based on ZnO Nanorods for Biological… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.84265*

of concept trial of tanezumab for the treatment of symptoms associated with interstitial cystitis. J Urology. 2011;**185**(5):1716-1721

*Zinc Oxide Based Nano Materials and Devices*

depositing surface-enhanced Raman scattering arrays on microfluidic paper based device. Electrophoresis.

[25] Zhang W, Li BW, Chen LX, Wang YQ , Gao DX, Ma XH, et al. Brushing, a simple way to fabricate SERS active paper substrates. Anal Methods-Uk.

[26] Schmidt MS, Hubner J, Boisen A. Large area fabrication of leaning silicon nanopillars for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Advanced Materials.

[27] Albiss BA, AL-Akhras MA, Obaidat I. Ultraviolet photodetector based on ZnO nanorods grown on a flexible PDMS substrate. Int J Environ an Ch.

[28] Chen Y, Tse WH, Chen LY, Zhang J. Ag nanoparticles-decorated ZnO nanorod array on a mechanical flexible substrate with enhanced optical and antimicrobial properties. Nanoscale

[29] Ibupoto ZH, Khun K, Eriksson M, AlSalhi M, Atif M, Ansari A, et al. Hydrothermal growth of vertically aligned ZnO nanorods using a biocomposite seed layer of ZnO nanoparticles. Materials.

[30] Sinha G, Depero LE, Alessandri I. Recyclable SERS substrates based on Au-coated ZnO nanorods. Acs Appl Mater Inter. 2011;**3**(7):2557-2563

[31] Tripp DA, Nickel JC, Wong J, Pontari M, Moldwin R, Mayer R, et al. Mapping of pain phenotypes in female patients with bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis and controls. European Urology.

[32] Evans RJ, Moldwin RM, Cossons N, Darekar A, Mills IW, Scholfield D. Proof

2013;**34**(15):2162-2168

2014;**6**(7):2066-2071

2012;**24**(10):Op11-OOp8

2015;**95**(4):339-348

Research Letters. 2015;**10**

2013;**6**(8):3584-3597

2012;**62**(6):1188-1194

atomic layer deposition of Ag on periodic arrays of Si nanopillars. Optics Express. 2011;**19**(27):26056-26064

[17] Lee SJ, Morrill AR, Moskovits M. Hot spots in silver nanowire bundles for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[18] Kleinman SL, Frontiera RR, Henry AI, Dieringer JA, Van Duyne RP. Creating, characterizing, and controlling chemistry with SERS hot spots. Physical Chemistry Chemical

[19] Abu Hatab NA, Oran JM, Sepaniak

[20] De Angelis F, Gentile F, Mecarini F, Das G, Moretti M, Candeloro P, et al. Breaking the diffusion limit with super-hydrophobic delivery of molecules to plasmonic nanofocusing SERS structures. Nature Photonics.

[21] Cinel NA, Cakmakyapan S, Butun S, Ertas G, Ozbay E. E-Beam lithography designed substrates for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Photonic Nanostruct. 2015;**15**:109-115

[22] Marotta NE, Barber JR, Dluhy PR, Bottomley LA. Patterned silver nanorod array substrates for surfaceenhanced Raman scattering. Applied Spectroscopy. 2009;**63**(10):1101-1106

[23] Ngo YH, Li D, Simon GP, Gamier G. Paper surfaces functionalized by nanoparticles. Adv Colloid Interfac.

[24] Li BW, Zhang W, Chen LX, Lin BC. A fast and low-cost spray method for prototyping and

2006;**128**(7):2200-2201

Physics. 2013;**15**(1):21-36

2008;**2**(2):377-385

2011;**5**(11):683-688

2011;**163**(1):23-38

MJ. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy substrates created via electron beam lithography and nanotransfer printing. ACS Nano.

**110**

[33] Hanno PM, Erickson D, Moldwin R, Faraday MM. Diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome: AUA guideline amendment. J Urology. 2015;**193**(5):1545-1553

[34] Nickel JC, Herschorn S, Whitmore KE, Forrest JB, Hu P, Friedman AJ, et al. Pentosan polysulfate sodium for treatment of interstitial cystitis/ bladder pain syndrome: Insights from a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. J Urology. 2015;**193**(3):857-862

[35] Kim A, Yu HY, Lim J, Ryu CM, Kim YH, Heo J, et al. Improved efficacy and in vivo cellular properties of human embryonic stem cell derivative in a preclinical model of bladder pain syndrome. Sci Rep-Uk. 2017;**7**

[36] Song M, Park J, Choo MS. Mesenchymal stem-cell therapy alleviates interstitial cystitis by activating Wnt signaling pathway. J Urology. 2015;**193**(4):E217-E21E

[37] Stone N, Stavroulaki P, Kendall C, Birchall M, Barr H. Raman spectroscopy for early detection of laryngeal malignancy: Preliminary results. Laryngoscope. 2000;**110**(10):1756-1763

[38] Synytsya A, Judexova M, Hoskovec D, Miskovicova M, Petruzelka L. Raman spectroscopy at different excitation wavelengths (1064, 785 and 532 nm) as a tool for diagnosis of colon cancer. Journal of Raman Specroscopy. 2014;**45**(10):903-911

[39] Chan JW, Taylor DS, Zwerdling T, Lane SM, Ihara K, Huser T. Micro-Raman spectroscopy detects individual neoplastic and normal hematopoietic cells. Biophysical Journal. 2006;**90**(2):648-656

[40] Wang H, Huang N, Zhao J, Lui H, Korbelik M, Zeng H. Depth-resolved in vivo micro-Raman spectroscopy of a murine skin tumor model reveals cancer-specific spectral biomarkers. Journal of Raman Specroscopy. 2011;**42**(2):160-166

[41] Huang ZW, McWilliams A, Lui H, McLean DI, Lam S, Zeng HS. Nearinfrared Raman spectroscopy for optical diagnosis of lung cancer. International Journal of Cancer. 2003;**107**(6):1047-1052

Chapter 7

Abstract

1. Introduction

1.1 Overview of batteries

113

Anodic ZnO-Graphene Composite

An important area to cope with in the implementation of technologies for the generation of energy from renewable sources is storage, so it is a priority to develop new ways of storing energy with high efficiency and storage capacity. Experimental reports focused on ZnO-graphene composite materials applied to the anode design which indicated that they show low efficiencies of around 50 %, but values very close to the theoretical capacity have already been reported in recent years. The low efficiency of the materials for the anode design of the Li-ion battery is mainly attributed to the pulverization and fragmentation of the material or materials, caused by the volumetric changes and stability problems during the charge/discharge cycles. In this chapter, we will discuss the development of composite materials such as ZnO-

graphene in its application for the design of the anode in the Li-ion battery.

Keywords: ZnO, batteries, graphene, Li-ion, composites, ZnO-Graphene

are far above the other batteries in terms of the number of cycles.

The first Li-based batteries used LiCoO2 cathode, anode carbon, and LiPF6 electrolytes, with a capacity of around 140 mAh and 3.7 V and an efficiency of 50 %,

The search for new and efficient energy storage systems has been mainly aimed at batteries, which have positioned themselves as one of the best options for this purpose [1]. The development and innovation in such systems has been slow compared to other technologies since the relevant innovations have taken even centuries, from the invention of the battery in 1800 by Alessandro Volta [2], then the first lead-acid batteries partially rechargeable in 1860 by Gaston Planté [3], up to the lithium-ion batteries, which Sony introduced to the market in 1991 [4]. The batteries can be classified as primary (not rechargeable) and secondary (rechargeable). The classification of the batteries is made in relation to the active materials, in the components of the battery. At present, there are still few batteries with the ability to have reversible electrochemical reactions. Table 1 shows some of the main physical and chemical properties of current commercial batteries. The Liion batteries, clearly positioned today, as one of the best options for energy storage,

Materials in Lithium Batteries

Verde-Gómez Ysmael, Valenzuela-Muñiz Ana María

Herrera-Pérez Gabriel, Pérez-Zúñiga Germán,

and Vargas-Bernal Rafael

### Chapter 7
