Meet the editors

Zhongzhi Fu is a professor and senior engineer in the Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute (NHRI), which is a non-profit research center governed by the Ministry of Water Resources, China. Dr. Fu specializes in hydraulic structures, especially for embankment and rockfill dams. He obtained his doctoral degree from Hohai University, Nanjing, China, in 2011 and became a consultant engineer for

NHRI in June 2011. He has been working on testing and modeling the static and dynamic behavior of earth and rockfill materials and has published more than seventy technical papers in national and international journals and conference proceedings. Dr. Fu has participated in consulting works for more than thirty dams of different types, including the DaShiXia Concrete Faced Gravel Dam in Xinjiang (247 m in height) and the RuMei Earth Core Rockfill Dam in Tibet (315 m in height). He is now the secretary of the Soil and Rock Mechanics Committee in the Chinese Hydraulic Engineering Society and is a member of the Chinese National Committee on Large Dams.

Erich Bauer is a professor at the Institute of Applied Mechanics (IAM), Graz University of Technology, Austria. He completed his postgraduate studies at the University of Karlsruhe, Germany, under the supervision of Prof. G. Gudehus and Prof. D. Kolymbas, and holds a habilitation in Mechanics. Before joining IAM, he worked in a consulting company on research projects in Europe and the United States using the New Austrian Tunneling

Method (NATM). Dr. Bauer is a regular reviewer of papers for various international journals, a Ph.D. thesis examiner, a keynote speaker at a large number of international conferences, and a member of different editorial boards. His scientific work focuses on the mechanical properties of granular materials and their constitutive modeling, using classical and higher-order continuum descriptions. His main areas of research are continuum mechanics, experimental investigations, and the constitutive modeling of engineering materials including the long-term behavior of geotechnical structures like rockfill dams. His scientific results have been published in 158 papers and books and presented in 136 oral presentations. Dr. Bauer is the project leader of several national and international scientific-technical initiatives with universities in Europe and Asia. He is also visiting professor at Hohai University, China, and the founder of the international conference series on "Long-term Behaviour of Dams" (LTBD).

Contents

Rockfill Dams

Numerical Simulations

*and Kuangmin Wei*

of Concrete Dam

*by Erich Bauer*

Embankment Dams

Materials

Their Constitutive Modeling

*by Liujiang Wang and Zhongzhi Fu*

*by Xiangfeng Guo and Daniel Dias*

*by Yijiang Zhang, Enyue Ji and Weiwei Xu*

Earth-Rock Dams' Breach Modelling *by Qiming Zhong, Yibo Shan and Jiaxin Liu*

**Preface XI**

**Chapter 1 1**

**Chapter 2 27**

**Chapter 3 49**

**Chapter 4 67**

**Chapter 5 97**

**Chapter 6 127**

**Chapter 7 151**

**Chapter 8 173**

Using Clay-Gravel Mixtures as the Impervious Core Materials in

*by Zhongzhi Fu, Shengshui Chen, Enyue Ji, Guoying Li and Yang Lu*

Heightening of an Existing Embankment Dam: Results from

*by Zhu Yumeng, Guoying Li, Zhankuan Mi, Zhongzhi Fu*

Space-Time Finite Element Method for Seismic Analysis

*by Vikas Sharma, Akira Murakami and Kazunori Fujisawa*

Long-Term Behavior of Coarse-Grained Rockfill Material and

A State-Dependent Constitutive Model for Unsaturated Rockfill

Probabilistic Slope Stability Analysis for Embankment Dams

A Practical Framework for Probabilistic Analysis of

## Contents


Preface

Dams and reservoirs are significant parts of the infrastructure in many countries, because of their comprehensive functions of flood control, irrigation, power generation, environmental protection, and recreation. Deficiently constructed dams are sensitive to structural damages, which may lead to leakage and erosion, dam breaches, and environmental disasters. To ensure safe operation and avoid large costs to repair deficient dams, great efforts should be exercised in site investigation,

designing, analysis, construction, and maintenance of the dam building.

into static and dynamic loads, thermal, and hydro-chemical weathering.

of earth-rock dams.

This book presents recent research in both engineering practice and analytical methods in eight chapters. Each chapter contains valuable studies on specified areas of dam engineering. Chapter 1 presents properties of clay–gravel mixtures and the use of such gap-graded materials in four famous high rockfill dams in western China. Chapter 2 reports a case study on the heightening of an existing embankment dam from 63.4 m (height) to 98.1 m using a special impermeable protection system. Chapter 3 explains the theory of the space-time finite element method and its application in studying the responses of a concrete dam-reservoir system to earthquake loading. Chapter 4 presents a novel hypoplastic constitutive model for moisture-sensitive, coarse-grained rockfill materials based on the concept of degradation of the solid hardness. Chapter 5, within the framework of critical state theory, discusses a state-dependent elastoplastic constitutive model for rockfill materials, which is especially useful in predicting the complex deformation behavior of rockfill dams. Chapter 6 focuses on the efficient probabilistic analyses of embankment dams and introduces a practical framework in such a way that a first assessment stage using random variables (RV) for the soil variability is followed by a second assessment stage using random fields (RF). Chapter 7 is also about the probabilistic analyses of embankment dams, and the authors demonstrate the use of some well-known analytical methods in performing deterministic and probabilistic slope stability analysis for embankment dams. Chapter 8 provides a comprehensive review of recent research progress in the numerical modeling of the breach process

In the past decades, many high dams have been successfully constructed worldwide. These active engineering practices could benefit greatly from advancements in construction technologies and enhanced designing theories. The engineering praxis, of course, also provides sufficient cases to summarize experiences and lessons learned about the long-term behavior of dams, and to evaluate the reasonability and reliability of designing theories, including those for deformation and stability analyses under different loading conditions, which can roughly be divided
